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class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u6570\u5b57\u5316\u8f6c\u578b\u4f9d\u7136\u7531\u670d\u52a1\u4e1a\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u6570\u5b57\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u5b9e\u4f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6df1\u5ea6\u878d\u5408\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ecd\u5728\u63a2\u7d22<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"338\" src=\"http:\/\/cxounion.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/48_\u526f\u672c1-1024x338.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3022\" srcset=\"http:\/\/cxounion.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/48_\u526f\u672c1-1024x338.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/cxounion.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/48_\u526f\u672c1-300x99.jpg 300w, http:\/\/cxounion.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/48_\u526f\u672c1-768x254.jpg 768w, http:\/\/cxounion.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/48_\u526f\u672c1.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u56fe2 2005\u20142015\u5e74\u6570\u5b57\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e09\u4e2a\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u503c\u89c4\u6a21\u53d8\u5316\uff08\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u767e\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff09<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\uff1aUIBE GVC Indicator\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u7531\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.\u52a0\u5f3a\u6570\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4fdd\u969c\u6570\u636e\u4f9b\u5e94\u94fe\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff1a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abstract<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Digital transformation is an important engine of global economic growth and a transformative force reshaping global value chains in the post-pandemic era. At present, the digital transformation is still dominated by developed countries and driven by the service industry. The integration of digital technology and the real economy also needs to be deepened.And new problems such as data security and platform monopoly have emerged. Although countries have increased the exploration and competition of digital transformation, there is no universal digital transformation plan. Relying on moderately advanced infrastructure, large-scale data and rich digital technology application scenarios, China has certain advantages in digital transformation. China should make policy guarantees in core competence enhancement, infrastructure construction, laws and regulations, protection of small and medium-sized enterprises and training of digital talents. And explore a suitable digital transformation path for China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Key words: digital transformation; The course; trend<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fund project<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">&#8220;Research on Platform Economic Development from the Perspective of Building Modern Industrial System&#8221;. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, No.IQTE2022-07; The Youth Research Project of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, No.2022YqNqD038.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Digital technology is the core technology of the new round of scientific and technological revolution And digital economy has become an important booster for high-quality economic development in the new stage of development. From a macro perspective, according to the calculation of China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, the digital economy scale of 47 countries in the world will reach 32.6 trillion US dollars in 2020, accounting for 43.7% of GDP, with a nominal growth rate of 3%, far higher than the average global growth rate of -3.363% in that year [1]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">From the perspective of enterprises, the 2022 UNIDO report shows that manufacturing enterprises using high-level digital technologies perform much better than other enterprises in many economic indicators, such as monthly sales, annual profits and employment rate [2]. The digital economy has become an important engine driving global economic growth during the pandemic and a transformative force reshaping global value chains in the post-pandemic era. From the perspective of division of labor in global value chain, the development of digital technology is changing the layout and length of global industrial chain and supply chain as well as the utilization forms of factors: shortening the industrial chain promoted by multinational enterprises in the global layout, realizing regionalization, nearshore and localization [3]; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">At the same time<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">At the same time, the share of technology and capital factors in the industry is increased, and the intensity of labor in some industries is reduced, which changes the logic of global industrial transfer that takes labor cost as the key decision since World War II [4]. From the perspective of the world, although the speed and depth of digital transformation continue to advance, and the deep integration of digital technology and real economy has become a consensus, large-scale digital transformation still takes the tertiary industry as the main battlefield, and the paradox of digital technology development and economic growth downturn is still unsolved [5]. It may be related to the diffusion law of innovation and the factors of individual heterogeneity of enterprises [6], the impact of productivity measurement error [7], the relationship between digital technology and intangible asset investment [8], or the industrialization path and advantageous industries of the existing developed countries [9]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Although digital technology is regarded as a universal technology that can revolutionize the existing form of production organization, such change is still carried out on the basis of the existing organizational principles of industrialization and industrial basis [10], and no new model has emerged. As a major manufacturing country in the world. China has a complete range of industries and unique path advantages in digital transformation. How to make good use of China&#8217;s existing industrial advantages.ind China&#8217;s industrial positioning in the tide of global digital transformation. And successfully realize the climb of value chain is of great significance for China to practice the new development concept, build a modernized economic system. And improve the modernization of industrial chain and supply chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">First, he process of global digital transformation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(I) Connotation of digital transformation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Digital transformation and digital economy are inseparable. To understand digital transformation, we must first understand digital economy. The term digital economy was first proposed by Canadian Don Tapscott in the 1990s [11], who referred to the information flow presented by digital means as digital economy. Subsequently, it was gradually adopted by governments and world economic institutions to describe the enterprise, technology, economy and social changes triggered by information technology. Bukht and Heeks divided the activities of digital economy into three levels: the first is the core layer (IT\/ICT), that is, the industry most closely related to digital technology, including digital hardware manufacturing, ICT industry sector in the service industry, and telecommunications industry; The second layer is narrow caliber, including electronic business, digital service, platform economy; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The third layer is wide-caliber, including e-commerce, industry 4.0, precision agriculture, algorithmic economy, etc. [12,13]. In fact, as early as the 1980s, Toffler predicted in his book The Third Wave that information technology represented by computer would bring changes to all aspects of economic life and social organization [14]. Although the term &#8220;digital economy&#8221; and &#8220;digital transformation&#8221; were not used at that time, Toffler keenly captured the comprehensive, systematic and subversive changes brought by information technology to human civilization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">For research objects of different dimensions, digital transformation has different meanings. <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In a broad sense, digital transformation is the deep integration of digital technology and economic society. It uses digital technology and products to transform human production and life in an all-round way. On the basis of mechanization, informatization and networking. It uses various data information to realize digital transformation of social organization and production mode. From the perspective of micro-mechanism, digital transformation refers to a series of changes based on digital technology, with data as the core, product\/service transformation and process optimization and reconstruction as the means to achieve fundamental improvement of enterprise performance and competitiveness [15]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Researchers in different fields have different definitions and concerns for digital transformation. From the perspective of enterprises, digital transformation can not only reduce information asymmetry, reduce transaction and logistics costs, save labor costs, and help enterprises improve quality and efficiency [16]. It can also change the internal management mode of enterprises, realize the flat and networked organization mode, and form a flexible, modular and user-centered production mode [17]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From the perspective of industry<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">From the perspective of industry, digital transformation means digital industrialization, industrial digitalization. And the transformation of industrial chain and industrial layout by digital technology. New technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence and blockchain have spawned a series of emerging industries and formed a new ecology of platform economy. With the application of digital technology, the form of factor combination in traditional industries changes, leading to changes in employment positions and demands in different industries [18], and changes in the quality and availability of intermediate goods in many industries [19], thus leading to large-scale adjustment of industrial chain and industrial layout. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">From the perspective of value form, digital transformation deeply integrates production link and service link, which can not only provide final products, but also realize the expansion of value form by involving consumers in the whole process of production and service [20]. More researchers believe that digital technology has changed the input-output attributes of products and produced a new form of social production organization, platform economy, so they define digital economy as a more advanced economic form after agricultural economy and industrial economy [21].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Different researchers have different measurements on digital transformation. <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In a McKinsey report on the digital transformation of Chinese enterprises. The researchers used Internet indicators to construct the impact of digital transformation on the internal economy. The expenditure method was used to evaluate all the activities related to the production of Internet equipment. The provision of services and the use of networks, including individual, enterprise, government and trade activities. For example, the scale of online retail of consumers, Internet penetration rate, smartphone penetration rate, cloud service penetration rate of enterprises, and Internet usage rate of small and medium-sized enterprises [22]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Calvino et al. [23] measure the digital intensity of different industries by using indicators of technology, market, human capital and other dimensions, and select the investment proportion of ICT tangible assets and intangible assets, the proportion of ICT intermediate products and services purchased, the number of robots per 100 employees, and the proportion of ICT experts in the total number of employment. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">And the proportion of online sales in total sales and other specific indicators to measure. CAI Yuezhou and Niu Xinxing [24] calculated the scale of value added of digital economy by using digital sector \/ICT capital, and divided the sources of value added of digital economy into three parts: value added of digital sector, value added of substitution effect played by digital technology capital in non-digital sector, value added of synergistic effect generated by the use of digital technology capital and value added of effective information. This also describes the action path of digital transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(2) The process of global digital transformation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pre-2000: Digital transformation characterized by &#8220;connectivity&#8221; to the Internet<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">From the late 1980s to the 1990s, computers were popularized in the United States. In 1983, the computer usage rate of primary schools in the United States exceeded 60%, and that of high schools exceeded 85%, with an average of 10 to 11 computers in each high school [25]. The strong demand for computers and other electronic equipment also promoted the development of the information industry in the United States. In the 1980s, the export of computers, semiconductors and software products was an important source of trade income for the United States [26]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Thanks to rapid advances in computer hardware and communication technology. Information technology has &#8220;connected&#8221; a large number of computers through networks, driving the global Internet boom. China also officially connected to the global Internet in 1994 and joined the global digital transformation wave [27]. During this period, the digital transformation was mainly characterized by &#8220;connection&#8221;. Mainly manifested by the reform of communication mode, and mainly promoted by Internet enterprises. With the support of network infrastructure and software. Internet enterprises represented by search engines have become the pioneers of digital transformation. People find that the Internet and information technology can not only provide new ways of contact. But also greatly reduce search costs and information asymmetry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2000-2016: Digital transformation characterized by &#8220;sharing, sharing and integration&#8221;<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In the 21st century, digital transformation continues to advance in the service sector. Content products or services with the characteristics of &#8220;sharing&#8221; and &#8220;sharing&#8221; take the lead in digital transformation. Social network enterprises make users happy to &#8220;share&#8221; their emotions, experiences, etc. The emergence of digital content providers and other sharing media and platforms digitizes offline music, books, movies and other products. Subsequently, the emergence of Uber, Airbnb, Mobike, Xianyu and other services providing online car booking, home accommodation, second-hand goods trading and other services has transformed content and services from &#8220;sharing&#8221; to &#8220;sharing&#8221;. Digital products and services such as digital transactions, digital finance and digital issuance are gradually promoted to consumers, and some manufacturers try to improve user stickiness by building &#8220;community&#8221; and other means [28], and the integration of service industry in digital economy is accelerating. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">At the same time<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">At the same time, the digital transformation in the form of &#8220;convergence&#8221; between manufacturing and services has also started on a large scale. Computer and electronic equipment manufacturers have become the main drivers of &#8220;convergence&#8221; services in the manufacturing sector. Digital content is beginning to be incorporated into newly developed electronic equipment to provide services to consumers in the form of industrial products. Driven by multinational companies, electronic equipment manufacturing is moving globally. IT enterprises began to explore the path of digital transformation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Taking the lead in getting through the capabilities of hard and soft. And using digital technology to integrate the secondary and tertiary industries. More manufacturing enterprises improve their production efficiency by purchasing digital services. The purchase of digital services also reduces the cost of enterprises&#8217; independent investment in ICT infrastructure development and saves social resources [29]. Under the comprehensive effect of software and hardware of digital products. Enterprises&#8217; ability of data analysis and application has been greatly improved. And the importance of data has become prominent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2016-present: Digital transformation characterized by platformization and intelligence<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The progress and application of big data. Cloud computing and artificial intelligence technologies have greatly enhanced the ability of enterprises to analyze and use data and increased the scale of data. Coupled with the growth of the user scale in various scenarios. The platform has become a new carrier of products and services, forming a digital industry ecology around the platform. This also makes the digital transformation show a new feature:.Platform as the basis of transformation, intelligent transformation as the goal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">There are also two typical paths for the integration of real economy and digital economy:. One is promoted by Internet enterprises, which provides cloud services, data services. Platform services and digital infrastructure for other industries to facilitate the digital transformation of business processes. Such as cloud services provided by Tencent and Alibaba. One is promoted by traditional manufacturers to invest in ICT infrastructure to build an Internet platform based on their own manufacturing experience and present business processes, products and services in digital form. Such as Siemens&#8217; MindSphere, GE&#8217;s Predix, Haier&#8217;s COSMOPlat, Huawei&#8217;s FusionPlant. This platform digital transformation is an extension of the spirit of &#8220;sharing&#8221;. Expanding the sharing of products and services to sharing data and production experience. And truly extending the main battlefield of digital transformation from C2C, B2C to B2B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The progress of artificial intelligence technology has not only changed the form of production organization and enterprise, but also changed the appearance of cities, infrastructure and public service supply. <\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Driven by technology, the production end and the consumption end are deeply integrated, and the products contain more services. The consumers themselves can serve the production as the suppliers of content and creativity. Intelligent workshop, intelligent factory and intelligent supply chain have appeared successively in the production field. Some industries appear a new round of robots to replace human;. In the social field, the &#8220;smart transportation&#8221; system based on transportation big data and driverless technology is being put into practice in various cities. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The &#8220;smart medical&#8221; system using remote technology and medical data is also being built. Government services can also be conducted on the &#8220;e-government platform&#8221;. In addition to the platformization and intellectualization of the real economy, digital technology has also been used to establish a parallel and interactive virtual world with the real economy, and the current hot &#8220;meta-universe&#8221; is the exploration of digital ecology [30]. New industries, new models and new business forms are the best summary of the new stage of digital transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Second, the trend of global digital transformation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(I) Digital transformation drives the diversification of subjects, but it is still dominated by developed countries<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The driving force of digital transformation is spreading from Internet enterprises to other types of enterprises. And from developed countries to developed countries and developing countries. From the development history of digital transformation, the first two rounds of digital transformation were mainly driven by information Internet and consumer Internet enterprises, which successively gave birth to world-renowned search engine enterprises, social network enterprises and e-commerce enterprises. Now the third stage is driven by the industrial Internet [31]. In addition to the Internet enterprises. There are also many entities engaged in production, with industries covering energy. Machinery manufacturing, home appliance manufacturing, etc.. Showing the industrial diversification of participating enterprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From the perspective of participating countries, developed countries are still the main body promoting digital transformation, but developing countries are growing in strength. <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In particular, China&#8217;s rapid development in the digital economy has formed a &#8220;two-wheel drive&#8221; pattern in the field of digital economy between developed countries (the United States) and developing countries (China). According to statistics from the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology. The digital economy in developed countries reached $24.4 trillion in 2020, accounting for 74.7 percent of the global total. The US ranks first, with a digital economy of 13.6 trillion US dollars, accounting for 41.7% of the global total. China was second with $5.4 trillion, or about 16.6 percent of the global total. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">From the perspective of global value chains. The industrial scale of the digital economy in the world&#8217;s high-income countries calculated by linkages was about US $2.33 trillion before 2015. Accounting for 71.39% of the global total. The future value added to linked computing is about $2.22 trillion. Accounting for 68.55% of the global total (see Figure 1). In 2015, the United States (28.64% forward connections and 25.87% backward connections) and China (11.32% forward connections. Backward connection accounted for 11.58%) became the top two countries in the size of digital economy. In 2005, China&#8217;s digital economy industry accounted for 3.69% (forward connection) and 3.19% (backward connection). The increase of China&#8217;s absolute scale in the field of digital economy has become an important factor driving the change of the competitive pattern of digital transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In addition to changes in the scale of value added of the digital economy, the technological competition in the global digital field is also mainly between the United States and China. <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">According to the Intellectual Property Organization. China topped the world with 68,720 patent applications in 2020. Of which Huawei was the largest patent applicant (5,464); Among the world&#8217;s top 10 applicants. China&#8217;s BOE Technology (1,892) and Oppo Mobile (1,801) were also among them. Accounting for 13.32 percent of China&#8217;s applications that year. The United States ranked second with 59,230 patent applications in 2020, with Qualcomm (2,173). A digital economy company, being the largest U.S. applicant that year. In addition, of the patents that have been filed in China and the United States. The computer field accounts for the highest proportion of applications in both countries. The competition between China and the United States for digital technology has also promoted the evolution of the global digital transformation pattern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\uff082\uff09Digital transformation boosts globalization and accelerates the nearshore and short-chain globalization of global value chains<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Digital technology has accelerated the change of global division of labor. Thanks to the relocation of manufacturing in developed countries and the development of digital economy industries, ICT product manufacturing has become an important opportunity for developing countries in East Asia and Southeast Asia represented by China, Vietnam and Malaysia to integrate into the global value chain. Table 1 shows the proportion of ICT products and services exported by China and other important Asian countries. It can be seen that ICT products exported by China, Vietnam, Malaysia and the Philippines account for a considerable share of all product exports of these countries. India and the Philippines can also integrate into the division of labor of the world digital economy by undertaking the software outsourcing business of developed countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Along with the improvement of production capacity and supporting industrial chain driven by the development of digital industry and the change in the proportion of production factors brought by the progress of digital technology<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Along with the improvement of production capacity and supporting industrial chain driven by the development of digital industry and the change in the proportion of production factors brought by the progress of digital technology, the &#8220;nearshore&#8221; and &#8220;short-chain&#8221; of global value chain is gradually becoming possible [32]. Take the export of computer (HS8471) as an example. In 2010, China and Mexico accounted for 78.67% and 8.21% of the world&#8217;s exports respectively. In 2019, China and Mexico accounted for 78.36% and 18.21% of exports, respectively. This means that Mexico undertook a lot of computer production and supporting work. And Mexico directly borders the United States, which imported the largest share of computers in that year (27.87% of imports), reflecting the &#8220;nearshore&#8221;. In terms of the concentration of computer exporting countries. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The top five exporting countries accounted for 70.41% of the share in 2010, which increased to 75.29% in 2019. The top 20 exporting countries account for 95% of the industry. In terms of import share, the top five countries accounted for 49.18% in 2010 and 52.15% in 2019. The top 20 countries&#8217; share of imports fell slightly to 81.68 percent from 81.83 percent in 2010. The same phenomenon was observed in the ICT industry in the service sector. But the degree of concentration was slightly lower than that of the computer industry (see Table 2). This indicates that in the manufacturing and service industries related to the digital economy, production and import are carried out around the first few core countries, mainly the United States, China and Germany [33].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From the perspective of global value chain participation, the phenomenon of &#8220;short-chain&#8221; in China&#8217;s digital economy industry is particularly obvious. <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Table 3 and Table 4 show the sources of global value chain added value of China&#8217;s three digital economy industries calculated by forward connection and backward connection respectively. It can be found that, since 2010. The proportion of foreign sources of added value of the three industries calculated by backward connection decreased significantly. While the proportion of GVC calculated by forward connection increased. The total value added share of China&#8217;s participation in international trade in D26 computer. Electronic and optical products manufacturing industry has declined year after year. From the perspective of the past, most of this decrease is due to the decline in the share of traditional trade value added sources. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This means that although the absolute scale of China&#8217;s digital economy industry is increasing. The composition of added value has changed. In the three digital economy industries, the proportion of China&#8217;s imported products and services participating in production is declining. While the proportion of China&#8217;s domestic products and services participating in domestic production is increasing. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">At the same time, by comparing the data of the US, Germany, Japan and South Korea in the same period. It is found that except the US, Germany, Japan and South Korea have significantly increased the proportion of GVC calculated by forward linkage in D26 industry. And a considerable part of them are involved in China&#8217;s production in this industry. Others are involved in the production of digital equipment in neighboring countries. Such as Poland, Hungary, Vietnam and the Philippines, increasing the share of foreign value added in the industry in these countries and increasing the demand for digital services in these countries. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">There are two main reasons for this situation: <\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">First, China&#8217;s strong industrial supporting system capability and the improvement of digital technology capability make many processes of producing intermediate products and services can be completed in China. Therefore, the proportion of foreign value added of the three industries in the backward connection will decrease obviously. But the proportion of foreign value added of the two services in the digital economy will increase slightly. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Second, the improvement and development of digital technology and digital infrastructure has promoted the absolute growth of the demand for digital manufacturing and services. Which includes not only countries such as China with significant capacity improvement. But also countries around the regional core such as Vietnam, the Philippines, Poland, Hungary, etc. The demand of these countries has also promoted the proportion of foreign participation in Germany, Japan, South Korea and other countries. From the perspective of the world. As the United States and other developed countries increase their efforts in the backflow of manufacturing and the application of digital technology. The &#8220;short-chain&#8221; trend of the global value chain centering on the three core countries of the United States. Germany and China will become more and more obvious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(3) Digital transformation is still driven by the service industry, but the mode of deep integration of digital technology and the real economy is still being explored<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">From the perspective of driving industries, digital transformation is still driven by the service industry. Figure 2 shows the scale of added value of three digital economy industries calculated from the perspective of global value chain. It can be seen that the scale of two digital economy industries belonging to the service industry is higher. First, it comes from the classification of digital technology. At present, the progressive digital technology. Such as cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, etc. Except the production of hardware facilities is classified as manufacturing. Most of the technology is solidified in the software system or service, which belongs to the category of service industry. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Second, from the perspective of the industrial composition of the driving countries. The developed countries represented by the United States are the ones with the most developed and most applied digital technologies. The service industry has always taken a high proportion in the United States. And the export of the United States is also mainly dominated by the service industry. Third, from the perspective of driving enterprises. Most of the world&#8217;s major digital technology enterprises are American enterprises. Including China&#8217;s well-known Internet enterprises. In terms of market value, these Internet enterprises exceed traditional manufacturing enterprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From the perspective of the path trend of transformation, although digital transformation has entered the third stage, with the help of industrial Internet to achieve the deep integration of digital technology and the real economy. <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">However, developed countries have yet to explore a digitalization path with strong driving force and universal implementation. And the deep integration of digital technology and the real economy still needs to be strengthened. Table 5-Table 7 shows the intermediate demand of the manufacturing industries of the United States, Germany, Japan and China for the three digital economy industries calculated by the input-output table. As well as the proportion change of the intermediate demand of the manufacturing industry in all the intermediate demand. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">It can be seen that, first, in the manufacturing industry of D26 computer, electronic and optical products. The proportion of demand for intermediate goods in Germany and Japan is declining. Which is related to the fact that these two countries are big exporters of intermediate goods and products in this industry. But the proportion of intermediate demand rate in the manufacturing industry of the three countries is relatively stable. China, on the other hand, has a slight growth momentum. With much of its intermediate demand in the sector going into manufacturing compared with developed countries. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Second, in the telecommunications industry of D61, the proportion of intermediate demand for manufacturing is not high in all countries<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Second, in the telecommunications industry of D61. The proportion of intermediate demand for manufacturing is not high in all countries. And only Germany&#8217;s proportion of investment in manufacturing is slowly increasing. Thirdly, in D62T63 IT and information service industry. The intermediate demand rate of this industry in Germany, Japan and China has an increasing trend. And the increasing trend is quite obvious in Germany. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">But the share of intermediate demand used in manufacturing has changed little. With the vast majority of intermediate demand being supplied to non-manufacturing sectors. Fourth, by country, Germany has the highest intermediate demand for the three digital economy industries among developed countries, and the intermediate demand rate of the manufacturing industry to the digital economy service industry is much higher than that of the United States. There is still a gap between China and developed countries in the degree of digitization and intermediate demand for IT and information services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In terms of digital intensity, within developed countries, there has been little significant change in the structure of the economy as classified by digital intensity between 2010 and 2017 (see chart 3). <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">According to the OECD&#8217;s classification of industrial digital intensity, most manufacturing industries are high and medium digital intensive. The United States, which has a relatively low proportion of manufacturing. Has a slight but not significant decline in this category. Compared with Japan, the combined share of high &#8211; and medium-high digital-intensive industries in the United States and Germany is slightly higher. First, it shows that the industrial structure of these countries is relatively stable in recent years. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Second, it shows that there is no structural change in the digital intensity of the industry under the current classification standard. In practice, due to the high labor cost. The automation level of the manufacturing industry in developed countries has always been high. Although new manufacturing models such as &#8220;digital factory&#8221; and &#8220;unmanned factory&#8221; are constantly introduced. They are mostly used in industries with high added value (such as automobile manufacturing) or manufacturing enterprises with brand premium. Without changing the digital intensity of the whole industry. However, the upstream and downstream industries of manufacturing industry are complicated and there are many small and medium-sized enterprises. The digital transformation experience of large enterprises is difficult to be completely copied to the upstream and downstream small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, the integration process of digital technology and real economy is relatively slow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(4) Data security and platform monopoly have become the focus of digital transformation, and countries make use of laws and regulations for strategic layout<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In the age of digital economy, data has become an important strategic resource. On the one hand, data. As an important factor of production, can enter the production function, improve the production process, optimize the organizational form. Not only form a new industry, but also reshape the comparative advantages of the original industry. On the other hand, the data ownership, use right and data security protection of the large amount of data formed in personal activities, production activities and government activities have become a new phenomenon unique to digital transformation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">At the same time, digital economy industry is also an industry with network effects, and it is very easy to form &#8220;winner-takes-all&#8221; through direct network effects, indirect network effects and cross-border network effects [13]. The rise of platform economy further aggravates this phenomenon, especially in the platform providing infrastructure services (IaaS), which is very easy to form oligopoly. Cause small and medium-sized enterprises to attach to the platform of large enterprises. These problems are not only the problems that must be faced in the digital transformation. But also become the competitive points of the digital industry layout by various countries using laws and regulations. Therefore, in the future. Countries will try their best to form standards in favor of their own data and platform governance. Which will bring unpredictable risks to the participation of enterprises in the digital field in international competition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Third, accelerate our country&#8217;s digital transformation policy proposals<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(1) The advantages of digital transformation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rich application scenarios and diversified industrial ecology are taking shape.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Our country has many kinds of industry, abundant application scenes of digital transformatio. And stable market demand of digital transformation for convenient development of digital application and industrial ecological construction. In 2021, 1.032 billion people will access the Internet, and the Internet penetration rate will be 73.0%. The huge scale of netizens will become the basis for the development of online consumption and sharing economy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">From the perspective of enterprise demand, according to the data Map of the Integrated Development of China&#8217;s Industrialization and Industrialization (2018), 27.4% of Chinese manufacturing enterprises are in the initial stage of digital transformation in 2018, and 50.2% are in single item coverage. Most enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, have just started their digital transformation. The need for digital hardware and software is considerable. Our country has all kinds of industries, help to form ecological circles of different type and different industries, such as industrial Internet, Internet of vehicles, etc., is the diversified industry ecology formed by different types of industries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data diversification, scale has become a new industrial advantage.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">According to the statistics of China Academy of Information and Communications Technology. The size of China&#8217;s cloud computing market will reach 209.1 billion yuan in 2020. With the increasing demand for digital transformation of enterprises. The data generated by the use of cloud services and edge computing will continue to expand. Which will also form more production data to be mined. In addition to the enterprise level, personal travel data, medical data, transportation data, etc. Have become important resources to support the construction of smart cities in China. The country has also stepped up efforts to build digital centers. With the implementation of the strategy of &#8220;counting in the East and counting in the West&#8221; starting in 2022 to guide the government and enterprises to shift data centers and computing power to hub cities. Which will help the country form a more competitive data industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Moderately advanced infrastructure layout, making our country seize the opportunity of development in the digital economy era.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In terms of 5G network construction, China will have 1.43 million 5G base stations in 2021. Which will cover all prefecture-level cities and urban areas. In the New Three-year Action Plan for the Development of New Data Centers (2021-2023) newly released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China proposes to build super-large data centers. New data centers in provinces and overseas. Advanced digital infrastructure construction has become an important support for China&#8217;s digital transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(2) Obstacles of digital transformation in our country<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">There are &#8220;weaknesses&#8221; in key core technologies.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The digital transformation in our country lacks the capability of core key technologies and is threatened by &#8220;supply cut off&#8221; by developed countries. Especially in key industrial software, underlying operating systems, embedded chips, development tools, high-end sensors and other technical fields, basically by the United States and other developed countries monopolized. Even in the field of artificial intelligence that is relatively advanced in China. The products and dominant technologies of Chinese unicorns are mainly concentrated in the application layer. The number of enterprises that develop chips and processors that are fundamental layer is small and their ability is weak. Which increases the risk of digital transformation in China in the future. And a large amount of funds used to buy foreign technology will also increase the transformation cost of domestic enterprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Insufficient support for digital transformation of smes.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Smes are the most dynamic and large number of participants in the digital economy system. Due to the limitations of capital, resources and awareness, they cannot effectively and quickly carry out digital transformation. On the level of data protection. Some small and medium-sized enterprises lack of network security awareness, which is easy to cause data leakage. Some small and medium-sized enterprises do not trust the data security of industrial Internet platform and are not willing to carry out digital transformation. Some small and medium-sized enterprises are willing to adopt data technology. But compared with platforms, small and medium-sized enterprises have a weak voice. And are easily faced with arbitrary price increases by platform enterprises, limited technology options and other situations. All these require the state to introduce clear policies to protect the rights and interests of small and medium-sized enterprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lack of supporting employment policies and talent training system matching digital transformation.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Generally speaking, there will be a certain degree of structural unemployment during the transformation of economic structure. Especially for a country with abundant labor force, the digital transformation may lead to large-scale &#8220;machine replacement&#8221;. It is necessary to alleviate the contradiction between the digital transformation and the reduction of employment positions in the short term through employment policies. In addition, the current labor structure of our country, there are a large number of personnel lacking digital skills. And they are distributed in many industries of the real economy. However, at present, the digital curriculum is only spread out in the level of young people. Lack of vocational education and training in the digital transformation of on-the-job education, which aggravates the risks of structural unemployment in the process of digital transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">(3) Policy suggestions on accelerating digital transformation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reinforce weaknesses and improve core competence of digital technology.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">First, in areas prone to &#8220;bottlenecks&#8221;, we will intensify research efforts through the nationwide system, give priority to addressing key constraints affecting China&#8217;s digital transformation such as chips, high-end sensors and industrial software, accelerate the process of localization, and prepare for the risk of key technologies being &#8220;cut off&#8221;. Second, in the competitive field, we should give play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, create a policy environment that tolerates trial and error and encourages innovation, and encourage enterprises to develop and innovate key digital technologies and cutting-edge technologies through fiscal, tax, land, venture fund and other policies. Third, establish industry-university-research cooperation platforms through the construction of state key laboratories, regional innovation centers and technology incubators, increase the development of generic and basic technologies, and provide enterprises and researchers with intellectual property rights, incentive funds and other incentives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strengthen digital infrastructure and bridge the digital divide between regions.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Digital infrastructure is the key to digital transformation. China should continue to increase investment in digital infrastructure and realize the equal supply of digital infrastructure among regions. First, China should continue to increase 5G and other infrastructure construction, increase digital infrastructure investment in less developed regions, and narrow the infrastructure supply gap between regions. Secondly, differentiated digital infrastructure development policies should be implemented to guide government data and data with low demand for edge computing to data centers in the western region and build edge data centers in the eastern region in view of the different digital technology capabilities in the eastern region. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Third, we need to promote satellite Internet, 6G and other new digital infrastructure on a pilot basis to ensure that we do not lag behind other developed countries in the field of infrastructure. Fourth, support and encourage large Internet enterprises to carry out the construction of super-large data centers, encourage large Internet enterprises to &#8220;go out&#8221;, plan and build super-large data centers in other countries, improve the ability of cloud services, data algorithms, and enhance the competitiveness of Chinese Internet enterprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Strengthen data laws and regulations to ensure data supply chain security.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Pay close attention to EU and US policy trends on data and platform economy, and do a good job in policy research and judgment; Actively participate in the formulation of relevant international standards, expand the scope of application of Chinese standards by relying on economic and trade agreements, and ensure the forward-looking and international nature of Chinese laws and regulations. At the same time, laws and regulations on data security, cross-border flow of data, platform anti-monopoly and other issues are formulated actively. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">On the premise of protecting consumers&#8217; right to know and personal data privacy, reasonable circulation and utilization of data are encouraged and big data enterprises are encouraged to develop. At the same time, we should strengthen the risk management of data security, build a multi-level and multi-dimensional data security protection system according to different industries and different levels of data, and incorporate the security of data supply chain into the security system of industrial supply chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Increase support for small and medium-sized enterprises and supervise platform behaviors according to laws and regulations.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">First of all, it pays attention to the protection of small and medium-sized enterprises, encourages small and medium-sized enterprises to &#8220;go to the cloud&#8221;, &#8220;give wisdom&#8221; and &#8220;use data&#8221; with the help of data center and industrial Internet construction opportunities, supports small and medium-sized enterprises to use the cloud for daily business management, provides certain fiscal and financial subsidies to small and medium-sized enterprises adopting digital infrastructure, and relieves the capital pressure of digital transformation. Secondly, the data privacy and customer resource security of small and medium-sized enterprises should be protected. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Industrial alliances and other forms should be used to solve the problems of technology, talent and resources in the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises, and industry leading enterprises should be encouraged to help drive the digital transformation of relevant small enterprises. Thirdly, different types of Internet platforms should be regulated differently. Traffic platforms and platforms that provide infrastructure and services for the real economy should be regulated differently to provide a better ecological environment for the transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Enhance the digital skills of the whole people and train digital talents.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">We will simultaneously promote digital transformation and improve the digitalization level of the labor force, pay close attention to the impact of digital transformation on the job market, and provide the entire population with digital learning opportunities. First, the digital literacy evaluation and statistics of the whole people should be carried out regularly, and on this basis, the design and planning of relevant digital courses should be carried out. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Second, it provides vocational skills training opportunities related to digital transformation, attaches importance to on-the-job training of workers, regularly provides in-service personnel with digital skills upgrading courses, and increases the assessment of local governments&#8217; training of digital skills workers. Thirdly, IT related courses should be incorporated into textbooks for universities, middle schools and primary schools, and career planning and employment guidance related to digital transformation should be added to college courses. 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