【CXO观点】招商局集团CDO首席数字官张健：数字化已成为企业经营的确定性选择

招商局集团首席数字官CDO、招商金控副总经理张健曾分享过这家百年央企的数字化转型思考。

张健认为，世界面临百年未有之大变局，不确定性是当今世界的特征，而数字化成了企业应对不确定性的确定选择。

具体在企业数字化方面，张健认为，这一过程面临着短期，中期和长期三方面挑战。短期挑战就是疫情对企业运营和供应链的阻断。中期方面，传统企业数字化转型的路径和模式尚未完全找到，“过去二十年消费互联网形成了一种确定化模式，让我们认为传统产业的数字化转型最终是消费互联网成功的模式，现在看起来并非如此，面临很多挑战。”长期方面，逆全球化脱钩会对所有企业带来深刻且长期的影响。

面对阻断和重构的全球产业链供应链，张健认为，中国的应对之策有两方面：

一是产业升级和产业链主导。建立起中国科科研发、信息服务、计算机产业的核心竞争力，特别是通过原创和领先的数字技术能力，成为全球产业链中的技术策源地和创新者。二是通过数字技术助力中国企业产业链供应链稳定是数字化创新和转型的重点。

一、不确定性是当今世界的特征，数字化是企业应对不确定性的确定选择

我们现在面临世界百年未有之大变局，今年大家的认识更加深刻，因为人类又进入了战争和对立。很多人都不会想到21世纪，欧洲大陆会发生一战和二战那样的战争，克劳塞维茨在《战争论》说过战争是政治的另一种形式的继续，而且是最激烈的形式。

我们以战争的逻辑和规则分析和观察问题，经济和社会的巨大不确定性就再自然不过了。由于地缘政治问题，经济也发生了大变局，特别是全球贸易和产业链面临脱钩，供应链受到阻断，现在很多问题背后是产业链、供应链造成的，包括通货膨胀、能源危机。疫情影响又给社会层面造成了分隔和阻断。

我们仔细分析，这种大变局跟以前还是有所不同，科技和数字化改变了传统的变化，甚至成为决定性因素，我们观察战争就会看到由于通信技术、大数据分析等应用，战争全局的态势感知、物流配送以及精准打击能力决定了战争的对抗变化，科技在战争中发挥决定性的作用。在疫情防范中，mRNA技术可能会改变未来人类对癌症等疾病的治疗；而城市疫区的封控，如果没有互联网电商的支持根本无法进行。

二、企业数字化的重要是因为与企业创新和企业家精神一脉相承

为什么那么多企业会关注或者应用数字化创新？因为数字化代表了技术变革带来的未来机会，这是和企业家精神或者愿景相契合的，不仅仅是技术层面的东西。由于当今企业发展的产业生态产生变化，我们需要数字化解决两个问题：

一个是业务连续性，我们需要数据的线上驱动，需要运营流程、需要统一的信息系统；同时，由于预期转弱，企业外延扩张会减少，会更强调内涵式增长，重视效率提升，通过数字化、智能化使企业在资源更少投入的情况下提升效率。在当前的情况下，不仅能够活下去，还能够保持盈利和效益。

但是，数字化一定要考虑到中期的挑战，中期挑战是传统产业数字化转型的成功模式还没有解决。传统企业的数字化转型的路径和模式到底是什么？目前是百花齐放，过去十多年，消费互联网的成功给大家形成了一种确定化模式，我们一直认为传统产业的数字化转型最终是消费互联网成功的模式，现在看起来还是有很多的挑战。

我们看到，传统企业，特别是制造业是和细分行业独特的产业链供应链深度绑定的，和很多复杂的生产制造、供应结合。比如中国工业软件落后，因为成功的工业软件都是几十年积累，无法从0开始的。传统产业的数字化转型到底是什么成功模式，还是说就是分散化的，每一个产业都不一样？

长期挑战方面，脱钩趋势必有将影响我们未来的企业社会，因为所有数据都建立在数字化科技平台上，但全球科技创新和科技树路径的选择会有分化。我们也看到这一轮地缘政治的变化，对中国最大的压力是我们和欧美技术的可能脱钩，包括芯片禁运，对企业数字化长期发展会有很多的影响。

百年未有之大变局，从长期来看，最终还是会回到企业和科技，虽然现在是战争和地缘政治竞争是热点。

三、产业链韧性和供应链稳定，是大变局中企业经营层面面临的最大冲击

不确定性对企业经营的最大冲击是过去全球化形成的成熟的产业链和稳定的供应链正在重构，这将影响中国的未来，我们的双循环发展战略会面临商品的配送、原材料供应、贸易稳定的挑战。

如果再放更大一点，我们看到由于政治和经济的影响，中国企业参与全球产业链的模式发生了一些变化，最近招商银行有一个研究产业链脱钩的报告，认为中国企业正从全球化企业的内部垂直一体化向外部合约供应商变化，也就是说内地企业以外部合约供应商的形式融入到全球供应链。好的方面是中国这个环节的竞争力在提高，另外一方面也暴露出供应链纽带的脆弱性和不确定性，因为这是一种商业的连接，所以国外提到了中国+1的策略，也就是把离岸外包变成“友岸”外包，这对产业链稳定是潜在的危机。

面对阻断和重构的全球产业链供应链，我们的应对之策有两方面：

一是产业升级和产业链主导。中国数字经济如何发展壮大，建立起以中国科研、研发、信息服务、计算机这种核心竞争力，特别是通过原创和领先的数字技术能力，成为全球这个产业链中的技术策源地和创新者，我们是有核心价值的，这样就不会被产业链所阻断。

二是通过数字技术助力中国企业产业链供应链稳定是数字化创新的重点。

以客户供应链需求为中心，保持中国企业全球供应链的韧性和稳定，我们要看清楚这种变化对企业的影响，比如华为，原来它的物流供应是保证效率和成本，现在由于疫情、地缘政治等等问题，现在的供应链是以韧性和稳定为更高目标，可能比短期降低物流成本更重要，因为供应链的中断会导致生产运营和客户的丢失

我理解供应链的稳定分几个层面，首先大家会关注物流基础设施，港口、仓储、运输等等，这是物流供应链的基础，但光有硬件的设施掌控和拥有是不够的，我们认为需要利用数字化、智能化的能力，把这些基础设施和装备设施进行连接，然后通过数据化驱动，从而形成数字孪生物流数据的体系。通过数据的连接，我们建立物流全流程的控制塔，这也是招商局中国外运公司在做的事情，使所有供应链环节链接并可视化。我们可以预警，可以作预测和分析，可以作调度。我们认为供应链管理是对一个企业全球化经营的优化和控制，保证在遇到极端情况下供应链能保持韧性。

但供应链不止是这些物流运输和管理，背后还有商业交易、贸易金融、政府监管的问题，供应链不仅是货物运输，它实际上还有商业的合同，有监管、海关，包括提单、仓单、金融保险服务，传统的IT是解决不了的。

这就是为什么区块链在供应链领域会有独特的作用，因为区块链技术中的分布式账本（DL），和分布式身份（DID）能确保资产的确权，金融、保险、监管、仓单不是一个实物，它是一个虚拟化的东西，怎么保证资产的确权，另外通过分布式身份的确认，保证所有参与者都是真的，区块链在供应链高级的阶段，也就是商流、金融流的高效运营和可信任，区块链是终极的解决方案。

四、招商局产业特点和交通物流数字化重点

招商局今年成立150年，也是目前最大的综合化央企，核心产业还是交通物流，我们有遍布全球的港口集团，中国最大的综合物流中国外运，有远洋航运、海洋装备制造，除此以外，我们金融和地产。

2019年，招商局正式发布了集团数字化战略，确定了数字化招商局的战略目标，目前基于集团层面，我们进行统一数字化基础设施的建设，包括了招商云和数据湖，以及在这之上数据治理和应用，通过数据连接推动交通物流产业领域的全面数字化。

我们建立了中国领先的交通物流行业云，通过自研招商云支持所有物流领域的系统、流程、数据以及对外围绕物流外部服务客户的上云入湖。目前有几百个应用和各种接口，服务几百个外部客户。

此外，我们建立了集团统一的物联网平台，支持交通物流领域的港口设备，仓储设施，运输车辆以及货物商品的连接，从而实现物流的控制塔和全球供应链的管理，这是集团数字孪生的基础。内部打通自己的港口、航运、铁路、货运，建立自己的物流大数据平台，我们也积极参与国家物流大数据的研究和建设。

在底层物流环节的智能化方面，我们中国外运引入无人驾驶技术，与小马智行合作进行超远距离无人化卡车运输，当然目前还是要有安全员。随着技术进一步进步，中国物流基础，特别是车辆运输会变得无人化和智能化，另外我们在高速公路不同的路段采用车路协同来解决物流运输的智能化和低碳化。招商智慧港口已实现了无人水平运输，正在在全球作推广。

我们在传统物流领域的数字化和智能化已取得许多突破，但我们认为区块链是招商局物流供应链数字化未来的创新重点，特别是对全球化供应链所有环节的覆盖，跨境参与者身份的确认，以及物流商品状态的确权，区块链技术是终极解决方案。招商局统一建设了集团共享跨板块的区块链BaaS平台，我们建立了四条横向主链提供公共服务，包括在物流、金融，N条专注于业务场景的子链的布局。

我们重点在大宗商品的贸易运输、综合专业物流以及物流供应链，打造招商局的区块链。包括完成了物流联盟链的生态1.0，最近在上2.0，首先是招商局内部联通，然后对外和产业供应链上下游连接，第二个围绕大宗贸易的一体化，由交通部委托招商局来建。中国大宗原料大都是国外进口，怎么解决从产地到运输、港口、内部的物流配送，我认为区块链是解决跨境大宗商品一体化平台非常重要的部分。围绕粤港澳大湾区，我们建立了贸易便利化区块链平台，使得粤港澳大湾区很多小的港口和中心港口在海关监管上是一体化的，实现了高效流转。

供应链金融是招商局的一个优势，也是产融结合新方向，我们通过统一的供应链金融平台建设，我们把所有的产业纳入统一供应链金融平台上，通过引入了区块链技术，为几千家中小企业提供日常金融服务，另外我们在国家的区块链创新应用试点，获评区块链+贸易金融特色领域的第一。我们还积极参与国家和全球的贸易物流和供应链标准的制订，这些标准是未来区块链和供应链金融贸易数字化的基础，标准之争比技术更重要，面临的难度也更大。

五、面临挑战和存在的问题

当今企业面对很多不确定性，如果深究的话，这些不确定性不是来自技术，也不来自经济，是来自于国家层面信任基础的冲击，使得我们原来熟悉的一套商业规则，包括产业链、供应链面临冲击。我们如果期待人类社会的信任模式，还有可能由人际信任、制度信任向技术信任转变，那么以数字化技术推动和增强全球产业链供应链的信任、合作和效率就会有未来。我们期待信任问题，最终期待由像区块链这类的技术创新来解决。

翻译：

1.Uncertainty is the characteristic of today’s world, and digitalization is a definite choice for enterprises to deal with uncertainty

The world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century. This year, we all have a deeper understanding, as mankind has entered war and confrontation again. Many people do not think that in the 21st century, there will be wars like World War I and World War II on the European continent. Clausewitz said in his book On War that war is the continuation of politics in another form, and in the most intense form

When we analyze and observe problems with the logic and rules of war, it is only natural that there is great economic and social uncertainty. Due to geopolitical issues, the economy has also undergone great changes. In particular, global trade and industrial chains are facing decoupling, and supply chains are blocked. Many problems are caused by industrial chains and supply chains, including inflation and energy crises. In addition, the impact of the epidemic has caused social separation and barriers.

Through careful analysis, we can see that this kind of big change is still different from before. Technology and digitalization have changed traditional changes and even become decisive factors. When we observe the war, we can see that due to the application of communication technology and big data analysis, the overall situation awareness, logistics distribution and precision strike capability of war determine the confrontation changes. Science and technology played a decisive role in the war. In pandemic preparedness, mRNA technology may transform the treatment of diseases such as cancer in the future; The containment of urban epidemic areas cannot be carried out without the support of Internet e-commerce.

2.Enterprise digitization is important because it goes hand in hand with enterprise innovation and entrepreneurship

Why do so many companies focus on or apply digital innovation? Because digitization represents the future opportunity of technological change, which is aligned with entrepreneurship or vision, not just the technical stuff. As the industry ecology of today’s enterprise development changes, we need to solve two problems digitally

One is business continuity. We need online data drive, operational processes, and unified information systems. At the same time, due to the weakening of expectations, the extension expansion of enterprises will be reduced, and more emphasis will be placed on conformal growth and efficiency improvement. Through digitalization and intellectualization, enterprises can improve efficiency with less input of resources. In the current situation, not only can they survive, but they can maintain profits and benefits.

Digitization must take into account the medium-term challenge

However, digitization must take into account the medium-term challenge, which is that the successful mode of digital transformation of traditional industries has not been solved. What is the path and mode of digital transformation of traditional enterprises? In the past ten years, the success of consumer Internet has formed a definite model for us. We have always believed that the digital transformation of traditional industries is ultimately the successful model of consumer Internet. Now it seems that there are still a lot of challenges.

We can see that traditional enterprises, especially the manufacturing industry, are deeply bound to the unique industrial chain and supply chain of segmented industries, as well as many complex manufacturing and supply processes. For example, China lags behind in industrial software, because successful industrial software is accumulated over decades and cannot be started from zero. Is the digital transformation of traditional industries a successful model, or is it decentralized and different for each industry?

In terms of long-term challenges, the decoupling trend will certainly affect our future enterprise society, as all data is built on digital technology platforms, but there will be a divergence in global technology innovation and technology tree choices. We have also seen this round of geopolitical changes. The biggest pressure on China is the possible decoupling of our technologies from Europe and America, including the chip embargo, which will have a lot of impact on the long-term development of enterprise digitalization.

In the long run, this once-in-a-century change will eventually return to business and technology, even if war and geopolitical competition are the hot spots.

3.The resilience of the industrial chain and the stability of the supply chain are the biggest impact on the operation of enterprises in the great changes

The biggest impact of uncertainty on enterprise operation is that mature industrial chain and stable supply chain formed by globalization in the past are being reconstructed, which will affect the future of China. Our dual-cycle development strategy will face challenges in commodity distribution, raw material supply and trade stability.

If we make it bigger, we can see some changes in the mode of Chinese enterprises participating in the global industrial chain due to the influence of politics and economy. Recently, China Merchants Bank has a report on the decoupling of industrial chain, which believes that Chinese enterprises are changing from the internal vertical integration of global enterprises to external contract suppliers. In other words, mainland enterprises are integrated into the global supply chain in the form of external contract suppliers. The good thing is that China’s competitiveness in this link is improving. On the other hand, the vulnerability and uncertainty of the supply chain link are exposed. Since this is a kind of commercial connection, China’s +1 strategy is mentioned abroad, that is, to turn offshore outsourcing into “friend-shore” outsourcing, which is a potential crisis to the stability of the industrial chain.

Faced with the disruption and restructuring of global industrial and supply chains, we have two ways to deal with it:

(1)Industrial upgrading and industrial chain dominance.

How can China’s digital economy grow stronger and become a technology source and innovator in the globalindustrial chain with China’s core competitiveness in scientific research, research and development, information services and computers, especially through original and leading digital technology capabilities? We have core values, so that we will not be blocked by the industrial chain.

(2)It is the focus of digital innovation to help stabilize the industrial chain and supply chain of Chinese enterprises through digital technology.

We should take customer supply chain demand as the center to maintain the resilience and stability of Chinese enterprises’ global supply chain. We should see clearly the impact of such changes on enterprises, such as Huawei. In the past, its logistics supply was to ensure efficiency and cost, but now due to the epidemic, geopolitics and other issues, the current supply chain takes resilience and stability as the higher goal, which may be more important than short-term reduction of logistics cost. Because the interruption of the supply chain will lead to the loss of production operations and customers

Stability of supply chain can be divided into several levels

I understand that the stability of supply chain can be divided into several levels. First of all, people will pay attention to logistics infrastructure, such as ports, warehousing, transportation, etc., which is the foundation of logistics supply chain. However, it is not enough to control and own hardware facilities. Thus forming the digital twin logistics data system. Through the connection of data, we set up the control tower of the whole logistics process, which is what China Merchants Overseas is doing, so that all the links of the supply chain are linked and visualized. We can warn, we can predict, we can analyze, we can schedule. We believe that supply chain management is the optimization and control of an enterprise’s global operation to ensure that the supply chain can remain resilient under extreme circumstances.

However, the supply chain is not only about logistics transportation and management, but also about commercial transactions, trade finance and government supervision. The supply chain is not only about cargo transportation, but also about commercial contracts, including supervision and customs, including bills of lading, warehouse receipts, financial and insurance services, which cannot be solved by traditional IT.

This is why blockchain has a unique role in the field of supply chain

This is why blockchain has a unique role in the field of supply chain, because distributed ledger (DL) and distributed identity (DID) in blockchain technology can ensure the confirmation of assets, finance, insurance, supervision, warehouse receipt is not a physical thing, it is a virtual thing, how to ensure the confirmation of assets, in addition, through the confirmation of distributed identity, To ensure that all participants are real, blockchain is the ultimate solution in the advanced stage of the supply chain, that is, the efficient operation and trust of the business flow and financial flow.

4.Industrial characteristics of China Merchants and key points of transportation and logistics digitization

Founded 150 years ago this year, China Merchants is also the largest comprehensive central enterprise at present. Its core industry is transportation logistics. We have port groups all over the world, and China Overseas Shipping, the largest comprehensive logistics company in China, includes ocean shipping and Marine equipment manufacturing.

In 2019, China Merchants Bureau officially released the digital strategy of the group and determined the strategic objectives of the digital China Merchants Bureau. At present, based on the group level, we carry out the construction of unified digital infrastructure, including China Merchants Cloud and data Lake, and on top of that, data governance and application, to promote the comprehensive digitalization of the transportation and logistics industry through data connection.

We have established the leading cloud of transportation logistics industry in China. Through self-developed investment cloud, we support the systems, processes, data of all logistics fields, as well as the cloud and the lake of external service customers around logistics. There are hundreds of applications and various interfaces serving hundreds of external customers.

Have established the Group’s unified Internet

In addition, we have established the Group’s unified Internet of Things platform to support the connection of port equipment, storage facilities, transport vehicles and goods in the field of transportation and logistics. So as to realize the control tower of logistics and global supply chain management, which is the foundation of the Group’s digital twin. Internally, we open up our own ports, shipping, railway and freight, and establish our own logistics big data platform. We also actively participate in the research and construction of national logistics big data.

In terms of the intellectualization of the bottom logistics link. We have introduced driverless technology and cooperated with Ma Zhixing to carry out ultra-long distance unmanned truck transportation. Of course, security personnel are still required at present. With the further progress of technology, China’s logistics foundation, especially vehicle transportation, will become unmanned and intelligent. In addition, we adopt vehicle-road collaboration in different sections of highways to solve the intelligent and low-carbon logistics transportation. China Merchants Smart Port has realized unmanned horizontal transportation and is promoting it worldwide.

We have made many breakthroughs in the digitalization and intellectualization of the traditional logistics field. But we believe that blockchain is the innovation focus of the digital logistics supply chain of China Merchants in the future. Especially the coverage of all links of the global supply chain, the identification of cross-border participants. And the confirmation of the status of logistics goods. Blockchain technology is the ultimate solution. China Merchants has unified the construction of the group’s shared cross-sector blockchain BaaS platform. We have established four horizontal main chains to provide public services, including logistics, finance, and the layout of N sub-chains focusing on business scenarios.

We focus on the trade transportation of bulk commodities

We focus on the trade transportation of bulk commodities, integrated professional logistics and logistics supply chain, and build the blockchain of China Merchants Bureau. Including the completion of logistics alliance chain ecology 1.0. Recently in the 2.0, the first is the internal unicom of China Merchants Bureau. And then the external and industrial supply chain upstream and downstream connection, the second around bulk trade integration, commissioned by the Ministry of Communications China Merchants Bureau to build.

Most of China’s bulk raw materials are imported from abroad. How to solve the logistics distribution from origin to transportation, port and interior? I think blockchain is a very important part of solving the cross-border bulk commodity integration platform. Centering on the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. We have established a blockchain platform for trade facilitation. Which enables many small ports and central ports in the Greater Bay Area to be integrated in terms of customs supervision and achieve efficient turnover.

Supply chain finance is an advantage of China Merchants Bureau and also a new direction combining industry and finance. Through the construction of a unified supply chain finance platform. We bring all industries into the unified supply chain finance platform. By introducing blockchain technology, we provide daily financial services for thousands of small and medium-sized enterprises. Was rated the first in the field of blockchain + trade finance features. We are also actively involved in the formulation of national and global trade logistics and supply chain standards. Which are the foundation of future blockchain and supply chain finance and trade digitalization. The debate on standards is more important than technology, and it is also more difficult.

5.Challenges and existing problems

Today’s enterprises are faced with a lot of uncertainties. If we go deeper, these uncertainties do not come from technology or economy. But from the impact of trust foundation at the national level. Which makes the previously familiar set of business rules. Including the industrial chain and supply chain, face the impact. If we look forward to the pattern of trust in human society, which may shift from interpersonal trust and institutional trust to technological trust. Then there will be a future for digital technology to promote and enhance the trust, cooperation and efficiency of the global industrial chain and supply chain. We expect the trust issue to eventually be solved by technological innovations like blockchain.

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