【观点】中国工业互联网研究院院长员鲁春丛：关于工业数据资产化的思考

近日，中国工业互联网研究院院长员鲁春丛在朝阳国际数据要素生态大会上做《关于工业数据资产化的思考》主题演讲，以下是演讲主要内容和观点。

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关于工业数据资产化的思考

——在朝阳国际数据要素生态大会上的主题演讲

中国工业互联网研究院院长 鲁春丛

数据要素蕴含巨大的价值空间和发展潜力。习近平总书记多次强调，要发挥数据的基础资源作用和创新引擎作用，加快形成以创新为主要引领和支撑的数字经济。统筹推进数据产权、流通交易、收益分配、安全治理，加快构建数据基础制度体系。为我们进一步加快数据要素价值释放、推动数据资产化指明了方向。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

一、工业数据分类

工信部2020年2月印发的《工业数据分类分级指南（试行）》对工业数据给出明确定义：工业数据是工业领域产品和服务全生命周期产生和应用的数据，包括工业企业在研发设计、生产制造、经营管理、运维服务等环节中生成和使用的数据，以及工业互联网平台企业在设备接入、平台运行、工业软件应用等过程中生成和使用的数据。

从资产化角度看，工业企业数据的特性可概括为“存储分散”与“权属清晰”。“存储分散”是工业企业数据充分释放价值的难点，但也间接推动了业界对“工业数据资产登记”的探索实践，为形成优质的工业数据资源目录提供了源动力。“权属清晰”即数据为企业自身所有、数据为企业自身所用，为工业数据的流通利用提供了便利。

二、数据要素系列政策

我国是唯一拥有全部工业门类的国家，工业数据资源极为丰富。推动工业数据“供得出”“流得动”“用得好”，对促进我国数据要素市场化配置改革有重要意义。近年来，我国出台了一系列数据要素政策，为工业数据资产化营造了良好的政策环境。

（一）数据二十条政策。2022年12月，中共中央、国务院印发“数据二十条”，搭建数据产权、流通交易、收益分配、要素治理四项基础制度，明确提出数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权、数据产品经营权“三权分置”的运行机制。“数据二十条”还要求依法依规维护数据资源资产权益，加强企业数据合规体系建设和监管，鼓励探索数据分享价值收益方式和数据资产入表新模式，为数据要素价值释放、推动数据资产化提供了根本遵循。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

（二）数据资产政策。2023年8月，财政部发布《企业数据资源相关会计处理暂行规定》，允许企业将数据资源支出作为历史成本，按照会计制度要求计入资产负债表。此前，数据资源支出基本实行费用化处理，企业面临较大利润承压。暂行规定的发布，为企业降低资产负债率、提升当期利润率提供了新路径，也调动了企业开发利用数据的积极性。2023年12月，财政部还发布了《关于加强数据资产管理的指导意见》，明确鼓励在工业等数据富集行业探索开展多种形式的数据资产开发利用模式。财政部的两项制度，为海量工业企业数据从资源化过渡到资产化，以及资产化后的全流程管理提供了实操依据。

（三）数字化转型政策。2024年5月，国务院常务会议审议通过《制造业数字化转型行动方案》。方案明确提出“激活数据要素潜能”的政策措施，要求加快探索数据产权登记制度，推进工业数据资产登记，加强数据资产管理。去年年底，国家数据局牵头发布《“数据要素×”三年行动计划（2024—2026年）》，“工业制造”是重点行动章节提及的首个领域，明确支持制造业企业联合软件企业，基于设计、仿真、实验、生产、运行等数据积极探索多维度的创新应用。行业主管部门高度重视数字化转型升级，为数据要素赋能工业制造全过程和多场景应用提供了坚实保障。

三、工业数据资产化实践

近年来，制造业数字化转型步伐不断加快。产业界积极开展工业数据资产化探索实践，典型案例不断涌现。

一是研发设计类数据资产化。现代工业研发设计是推进新型工业化关键环节。中国工业互联网研究院着力打造装备制造业数字供应链平台，以工业产品设计为切入点，提供以设计工程师、制造企业和数字工品为核心的资源共享服务。平台现已汇聚近36万家企业和198万名活跃工程师，形成全国最大的数字工品资源库，拥有具备数据资产属性的数字工品超2亿件，涵盖工业母机、医疗装备、工业机器人等重点领域。杭州某减速机零部件供应商通过平台将其全系列产品打造形成数字工品，并依托平台拓展新客户，实现企业年利润增长12%。下一步，中国工业互联网研究院将围绕“大平台”“大模型”“大生态”，力争汇聚10亿量级数字工品入驻平台，打造全球最大数字工品资源库，建立健全以数字工品为代表的数据资产化服务体系。

二是生产经营类数据资产化。中国工业互联网研究院积极开展工业数据资产登记平台城市节点建设，面向企业提供数据资产登记服务。比如，中国工业互联网研究院在苏州打造全国首个工业数据资产登记城市节点。依托该节点登记服务，苏州当地银行可获取工业数据资产信息，从而构建更全面的企业用户画像，强化企业贷后管理。去年11月，苏州农村商业银行正式发布工业数据要素金融产品——“数云e贷”，首期专项信贷资金20亿元。某注册资本为50万元的小微纺织企业，依托节点将连续6个月的生产制造数据进行登记，银行基于登记信息研判企业自身生产水平及其在行业中的“能力段位”，最终为该小微企业发放210万元低息贷款。北京节点今日正式启动，这是中国工业互联网研究院立足北京、立足朝阳，推动工业数据资产化的重要进展。下一步，中国工业互联网研究院将聚焦主要工业大省，加快城市节点布局，实现登记量达到百亿级有效数据值，打造更多创新型工业数据产品。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

三是质量控制类数据资产化。2024年1月，全国首单工业互联网数据资产入表案例落地浙江桐乡。第三方评估机构对浙江五疆科技公司用于提升工业企业智能制造能力方面的数据资源进行了全面分析。根据设备运行状态、工序关键参数、原材料质量状况、过程成品检验、工人操作记录等数据，确认可入表数据资源范围，形成“化纤制造质量分析数据资产”。该资产汇聚了两千七百多万条质量管理数据，形成了二十几个数据模型和三十多类指标体系，可有效服务企业提升质量管理效率与水平。五疆科技还依托该资产打造“化纤制造质量分析数据服务系统”，新凤鸣集团使用该系统后，年度吨质量成本下降约7%，客诉率下降约35%，数据资产年度贡献价值已超千万元。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

四是产业链协同类数据资产化。聚玻网是以数据要素为驱动的玻璃行业供应链服务中心，协同“制造商—加工厂—应用商”服务交易全流程。聚玻网通过集约下游分散订单，整合提供至上游企业，平均为上游企业缩短销售周期40%。通过推动玻璃标准品切割向个性化定制转型，帮助加工厂购买定制尺寸产品，玻璃产品裁切率从85%提升至97%，废料率直降至3%。整合物流车辆信息，打破玻璃特种运输因固有空间限制而返程“回空”困境，降低物流成本，降本增效取得显著成效。

翻译：

Lu Chuncong, President of China Industrial Internet Research Institute: Thinking about the asset-based industrial data

Recently, Lu Chuncong, president of the China Industrial Internet Research Institute, made a keynote speech at the Chaoyang International Data Elements Ecological Conference on “Thinking about industrial data assets”. The following is the main content and views of the speech. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Thinking about the capitalization of industrial data

— Keynote speech at the Chaoyang International Data Elements Ecology Conference

Lu Chuncong, president of China Industrial Internet Research Institute

Data elements contain huge value space and development potential. We will promote data property rights, circulation and trading, income distribution, and security governance in a coordinated manner, and accelerate the establishment of a data infrastructure system. It points out the direction for us to further accelerate the value release of data elements and promote data assets. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

1. Classification of industrial data

The “Industrial Data Classification and Classification Guide (Trial)” issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in February 2020 gives a clear definition of industrial data: Industrial data is the data generated and applied in the whole life cycle of products and services in the industrial field, including the data generated and used by industrial enterprises in research and development design, production and manufacturing, operation and management, operation and maintenance services, and the data generated and used by industrial Internet platform enterprises in the process of equipment access, platform operation, and industrial software application. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

From the perspective of assets, the characteristics of industrial enterprise data can be summarized as “dispersed storage” and “clear ownership”. “Decentralized storage” is the difficulty of fully releasing the value of industrial enterprise data, but it also indirectly promotes the industry’s exploration and practice of “industrial data asset registration”, and provides a source of power for the formation of a high-quality industrial data resource catalog. “Clear ownership” means that the data is owned by the enterprise itself and the data is used by the enterprise itself, which provides convenience for the circulation and utilization of industrial data.

2. Data element series policies

China is the only country with all industrial categories, and industrial data resources are extremely rich. Promoting industrial data to be “available”, “fluid” and “well used” is of great significance to promote the market-oriented allocation reform of data elements in China. In recent years, China has introduced a series of data element policies, creating a good policy environment for industrial data assets. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

(1) Data 20 policy. In December 2022, the CPC Central Committee and The State Council issued the “Data Article 20”, establishing four basic systems of data property rights, circulation transactions, income distribution, and factor governance, and clearly putting forward the operating mechanism of the “three rights separation” of data resource holding rights, data processing rights, and data product management rights. The “Data Article 20” also requires safeguarding the rights and interests of data resource assets in accordance with the law and regulations, strengthening the construction and supervision of enterprise data compliance systems, and encouraging the exploration of new modes of data sharing value income and data asset entry, which provides a fundamental basis for the release of data element value and the promotion of data assets.

(2) Data asset policy. In August 2023, the Ministry of Finance issued the Interim Provisions on Accounting Treatment Related to Enterprise Data Resources, allowing enterprises to include data resource expenditures as historical costs in their balance sheets in accordance with the requirements of the accounting system. Previously, data resource expenditures were basically expensed, and enterprises faced greater profit pressure. The release of the provisional provisions provides a new path for enterprises to reduce the asset-liability ratio and improve the current profit margin, and also mobilizes the enthusiasm of enterprises to develop and utilize data. In December 2023, the Ministry of Finance also issued the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Management of Data Assets, which clearly encourages the exploration of various forms of data asset development and utilization modes in data enrichment industries such as industry. The two systems of the Ministry of Finance provide practical basis for the transition of massive industrial enterprise data from resources to assets, and the whole process management after assets.

(3) Digital transformation policy. In May 2024, the Executive meeting of The State Council reviewed and adopted the Action Plan for Digital Transformation of the Manufacturing Industry. The plan clearly puts forward policy measures to “activate the potential of data elements”, and requires accelerating the exploration of the data property rights registration system, promoting the registration of industrial data assets, and strengthening the management of data assets. At the end of last year, the National Data Bureau led the release of the “Data elements ×” three-year action plan (2024-2026) “, “industrial manufacturing” is the first area mentioned in the key action chapter, clearly supporting manufacturing enterprises and software enterprises, based on design, simulation, experiment, production, operation and other data actively explore multi-dimensional innovative applications. Industry authorities attach great importance to digital transformation and upgrading, providing a solid guarantee for data elements to empower the whole process of industrial manufacturing and multi-scenario applications.

3. The practice of industrial data assets

In recent years, the pace of digital transformation in the manufacturing industry has accelerated. The industry actively carries out the exploration and practice of industrial data assets, and typical cases continue to emerge.

First, research and development design data assets. Modern industrial research and development design is the key link to promote new industrialization. China Industrial Internet Research Institute strives to build a digital supply chain platform for equipment manufacturing, taking industrial product design as an entry point, and providing resource sharing services with design engineers, manufacturing enterprises and digital products as the core. The platform has gathered nearly 360,000 enterprises and 1.98 million active engineers, forming the country’s largest digital products resource base, with more than 200 million digital products with data asset attributes, covering industrial mother-machines, medical equipment, industrial robots and other key fields. A reducer parts supplier in Hangzhou creates its full range of products into digital products through the platform, and relies on the platform to expand new customers, achieving an annual profit growth of 12%. In the next step, the China Industrial Internet Research Institute will focus on the “big platform”, “big model” and “big ecology”, and strive to gather 1 billion digital products into the platform, build the world’s largest digital products resource base, and establish and improve the data assets service system represented by digital products. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Second, production and management data assets. China Industrial Internet Research Institute actively carries out the construction of urban nodes of the industrial data asset registration platform to provide data asset registration services for enterprises. For example, the China Industrial Internet Research Institute built the country’s first urban node for industrial data asset registration in Suzhou. Relying on this node registration service, local banks in Suzhou can obtain industrial data asset information, so as to build a more comprehensive corporate user portrait and strengthen the post-loan management of enterprises. In November last year, Suzhou Rural Commercial Bank officially released industrial data element financial products – “digital cloud e loan”, the first special credit fund of 2 billion yuan. A small and micro textile enterprise with registered capital of 500,000 yuan will rely on the node to register the production and manufacturing data for 6 months, and the bank will evaluate the enterprise’s own production level and its “ability segment” in the industry based on the registration information, and finally issue 2.1 million yuan low-interest loans for the small and micro enterprises. The Beijing node is officially launched today, which is an important progress of China Industrial Internet Research Institute based in Beijing and Chaoyang to promote industrial data assets. In the next step, the China Industrial Internet Research Institute will focus on major industrial provinces, accelerate the layout of urban nodes, achieve registration of tens of billions of effective data values, and create more innovative industrial data products.

Third, quality control data assets. In January 2024, the country’s first single industrial Internet data asset entry case landed in Tongxiang, Zhejiang. The third-party evaluation agency conducted a comprehensive analysis of the data resources used by Zhejiang Wujiang Technology Company to enhance the intelligent manufacturing capabilities of industrial enterprises. According to equipment operating status, process key parameters, raw material quality status, process finished product inspection, worker operation records and other data, confirm the scope of data resources that can be entered into the table, and form a “chemical fiber manufacturing quality analysis data asset”. The asset gathers more than 27 million quality management data, forming more than 20 data models and more than 30 types of indicator systems, which can effectively serve enterprises to improve the efficiency and level of quality management. Wujiang Technology also relies on the asset to build a “chemical fiber manufacturing quality analysis data service system”, after the use of the system by New Fengming Group, the annual ton quality cost decreased by about 7%, the customer complaint rate decreased by about 35%, and the annual contribution value of data assets has exceeded 10 million yuan. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Fourth, industrial chain collaboration data assets. Poly Glass network is a glass industry supply chain service center driven by data elements, cooperating with the whole process of “manufacturer-processer-application” service transaction. Poly glass network through intensive downstream decentralized orders, integrated to upstream enterprises, on average for upstream enterprises to shorten the sales cycle of 40%. By promoting the transformation of glass standard cutting to personalized customization and helping processing plants buy custom sized products, the cutting rate of glass products has been increased from 85% to 97% and the waste rate has been reduced to 3%. Integrating logistics vehicle information, breaking the “return empty” dilemma of glass special transportation due to inherent space limitations, reducing logistics costs, reducing costs and increasing efficiency have achieved remarkable results.

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