【观点】中化集团原董事长宁高宁：技术封锁到了不可理解的程度，基本没有美国公司来华投资

一、首先我要讲的是什么东西变了？

前段时间，我参加了一个会议，遇到了来自美国的两个参会代表。我询问他们如果现在一个中国企业去美国建工厂或者买楼，他们是否能接受。他们给我的答复是，美国社会可能不太能接受这种行为。还有一次是加拿大一个大公司的CEO，今年三四月份来中国时，我们一起吃饭。期间，他就问我，晚上从饭店走出去他一个外国人会不会有危险。我当时对他们这番话感到吃惊，没想到对我们的误解程度竟然如此深。

随着中国经济的不断发展，中国企业走向国际参与竞争，我们不得不面对与美国企业的竞争问题。美国那些非高科技企业的用工成本和生产成本很高，在与中国企业的竞争中不占优势，受此影响，美国社会的贫富差距肯定会不断加大，这种贫富差距也会对美国的民主政治产生影响。近日奥巴马在新闻上接受采访时也说了，巨大的贫富差距会让民主改变形状。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

二、为什么世界形势会变成这样？

我想最重要的就是意识形态之争。西方国家难以接受中国的价值观，他们认为只有西方基督教文明才是唯一正确的。但是，中国文化和中国人民的价值观应该作为全球文明形态多样性中的一种得到尊重。这就与西方国家存在冲突和矛盾。

局势变了，那中国企业的经营会遇到什么困难？分别是贸易、投资和技术。

第一个是贸易，贸易出口遇到了问题。过去中国出口的商品没有额外的税收，也不需要办各种许可，相对来说流通比较顺畅。但是现在国外对我们增收的各种税，要求我们办理各种证，无形间增加了我们出口的难度，也提高了出口的成本。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

第二个问题是投资。目前不管是上市、投资还是合资，基本招不到美国的公司，美国官方没有明令禁止，但是设置了很多限制和警告。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

第三个也是最严重的问题就是技术。这个问题不是这段时间才有，是一直都存在，并且越来越严重，到了让人不可理解的程度。

三、面对变局应该怎么做

面对以上所谈到的几个问题和国际形势的变化，中国的公司怎么应对？

我认为，将企业管理的好坏归因于目前的复杂变局是不正确的，复杂变局不是企业发展不佳的借口。怎么做好自己的企业，它是有规律的。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

美国不卖我们技术，我们也无可奈何，只有自己研发。但在此之前，我们没有下功夫去做，而是选择能买则买，直接买的成本大大小于自己研发的成本。所以当变局来临之时我们才这么被动。以前风平浪静，国际环境比较好的时候，中国的企业也没有真正做到最好。我们的企业管理体系与发达国家还有很大差距，其实不能完全怪这些外部环境的变化。复杂变局的确带来了危机，但其中也包含了机会，这是对企业的一个考验。

我们要做世界一流的企业，就必须做好国际化经营。因为企业的发展避免不了竞争，现在连中国农村都在用美国的农业收割机，你想发展壮大企业，怎么可能避开国外企业。中国是一个开放的国家，不可能因为复杂的变局而闭关自守，所以对企业来说，逃避国际竞争是不现实的，必须要用开放的态度和国际化的眼界去面对竞争，做好国际化经营，才有可能成为世界一流的企业。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

企业有两个基本任务，一是效率，另一个就是创新。效率就是用最少的投入做最大的产出，企业要尽它最大的努力，创造财富，提高人民的生活水平。只有这样，人和自然物质交换的效率得到提升，才能推动现代社会的发展。如果脱离效率讲别的，最终会活不下去。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

第二个创新，指的不是简单的重复，必须有创新。现在人类大宗商品的基本需求满足以后，如果再没有创新的话，很难再有更高的附加值。越有价值的东西越需要技术研究。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

在中化，有这样一个理念：如果一个公司没有创新和研发，中化就不投资也不并购。没有研发和创新，就无法增加新产品，所以企业必须要有驱动升级的新产品才可以，这也是企业竞争的一个主要战略。

目前的形势下，我认为企业除了技术的研发创新外，没有更多的战略。在当今世界竞争格局下，中国的企业谈其他战略都没用，只有直面技术研发的痛点和难点，制定技术创新和研发的战略，才有可能从竞争中脱颖而出。中国从一个比较小的经济体发展成如今世界第二大经济体，企业也慢慢从高能耗、高污染、低价值的发展状态中走了出来，现在面对新的变局，必须要跟上技术创新的步伐，否则不可能有进步。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

我管理中化的后期，就要求团队全面转向技术创新、科技创新，要以研发新材料、新产品为主要目标。整个公司的力量都被调动起来做创新，当时也取得了一些成绩。目前国内企业研发创新的难点并不是钱不够，而是研发的管理和创新特别困难——把钱变成一个好的技术是非常困难的。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

我曾在中化设置过200亿的研发基金，只要有好的研发项目都可以报上来，基金提供资金支持，但是半年出不了几个项目。因为你想研究的基本别人都研究过了，要绕过他们的研究来创新非常困难，不过一旦突破这个难点，所产生的价值也是不可估量的。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

沈阳中化的研究院，曾经推出过一款杀螨虫的产品，叫宝卓。当时市面上杀螨虫的药，基本被日本的一个公司和贝尔生物制药公司垄断，由于十几年没出新药，螨虫都产生抗药性了。中化推出的这款除螨产品在当时非常畅销，推出第一年就占领了30%左右的市场份额，第二年就超过了50%，一年盈利上亿元，把那两家公司打倒了。

这款药杀螨虫效果好，价格也便宜，受到市场好评。我后来奖励了研制这款药的员工大概100万元，当时想的是要把他奖励成富人，让大家都知道创新创造的价值。目前不管什么企业，哪怕你是做水泥的，不升级也没用，容易被淘汰。

中国的企业不仅和外资之间有着激烈的竞争，中国企业之间的竞争也并不少。华润是最早做啤酒，从0开始走到今天，它成了全国产量最大的啤酒企业，不过它的利润不是全国第一，因为它比较便宜。早些年，华润、雪花与青岛之间的竞争也非常火热，不过也正是这种竞争，使得中国啤酒业能快速发展，让现在中国的啤酒企业在全球市场处于比较优势的地位。华润近年来也在不断并购国外的啤酒企业，以此来提高竞争力。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

所以，不管是民族企业还是国有企业，都要面对竞争，在激烈的竞争中想着怎么活下来，这和外部的复杂变局没有关系，不管外界有没有变化，企业经营的战略都避不开这一点。企业处于不断变化的环境之中，自身也在不断变化，但是万变不离其宗，做好自己最基本的东西，做出好产品，这才企业管理成功的关键所在。

咱们现在很多企业里，各个部门制造了很多工作，每天看似忙来忙去，天天开会，自己写报告做研究，但最终没有落到真正的产品上去，这就有很大的问题。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

其实企业管理要想做好，很多都是有规律的。

有人会问我，说我在华润、中粮、中化这些企业任职的时候，投资的成功率很高，基本上投资都没有大失误，是怎么做到的。其实我们也有失误，但是都是些小失误，没有造成太大的影响，所以外界不知道，以为我们全部都是成功的。华润投资的体量都比较大，也深知如果投资不好，造成大规模亏损会对国家经济造成影响，所以我们的投资都非常谨慎。我们团队投资基本都能成功，当然首先是运气好，不过肯定也是有规律的，我们不会膨胀，始终保持冷静。

除了打造优质产品，企业管理中，对人才资源的运用也同等重要。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

曾经有人给我总结过，他说领导只要做好两件事就够了，第一是“人感”，对人才有感觉，知道把什么人才放在什么位置上，能识别人才适合干什么；第二是“感人”，领导要做好自己该做的，感动人才，让人愿意跟你走。我觉得他总结的挺好，这两点的确是领导识人用人应该要达到的标准。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

四、带着乐观直面挑战

复杂变局不是朝夕之间就产生的，早已经存在。真正的变局应该是竞争和发展模式的变局。外资撤离中国，不仅有其他原因，还有中国的生产成本逐步提高的原因，产业链开始转移，中国的经济也会不断重塑，中国的企业必须适应这种新的状态。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

百年老店也并不是一成不变，同样，企业战略你想在同一行业完全不动，这是根本不可能的。5年左右就会有大的技术变革，企业就需要在战略方向上做调整以适应这种变化。如果中粮不变成国际化的公司，不在国际上做粮源的渠道，不在国内做消费品，只做终端贸易的话，那这个公司今天可能就不存在了。中化今天做一个石油贸易公司，只做一般的加工油肯定不行，必须变成一个由技术驱动的精细化工品的公司，对标巴斯夫、贝尔、杜邦这些公司。现在中化做得比他们都大了，中化现在16,000亿元的资产，贝尔是外国同类公司中市值最大的，才1万亿元左右。

企业做好基本管理，做好产品，同时不断地反思、调整你的战略，适应各种复杂变化。变局来了，没什么好抱怨的，认清形势，适应它，企业才能做得更好。CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

我能感受到大家焦虑和悲观的情绪，但是别被这种情绪影响了，保持乐观才能找到解决问题的思路，保持乐观，才有面对挑战的勇气和信心。不要过分担忧外界的变局，做好自己的基本管理，打磨好产品，接受竞争，在竞争中打造出更强大的企业。

英文翻译：

The first thing I want to talk about is what has changed?

Some time ago, I attended a conference and met two delegates from the United States. I asked them if they would accept a Chinese company building a factory or buying a house in the United States. Their response to me was that American society might not be very receptive to this kind of behavior. Another time was when the CEO of a large Canadian company came to China in March and April this year, we had dinner together. During that time, he asked me if it would be dangerous for him to walk out of the hotel at night as a foreigner. I was surprised at what they said, and I didn’t realize how much they misunderstood us.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

With the continuous development of China’s economy, Chinese enterprises enter the international competition, we have to face the problem of competition with American enterprises. Those non-high-tech enterprises in the United States have high labor and production costs and are not advantaged in the competition with Chinese enterprises. Under the influence of this, the gap between the rich and the poor in the United States society will certainly continue to increase, and this gap between the rich and the poor will also have an impact on American democracy. Recently, Obama said in an interview on the news that the huge gap between rich and poor will change the shape of democracy.

Second, why has the world situation become this way?

I think the most important thing is the ideological debate. Western countries find it difficult to accept Chinese values, and they believe that only Western Christian civilization is correct. However, Chinese culture and the values of the Chinese people should be respected as part of the diversity of global civilizations. This leads to conflicts and contradictions with Western countries.

The situation has changed. What difficulties will Chinese enterprises encounter in their operations? They are trade, investment and technology.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

The first is trade, which is experiencing problems with exports. In the past, Chinese exports did not require additional taxes or licenses, and they flowed relatively smoothly. But now the various taxes levied on us by foreign countries require us to apply for various certificates, which invisibly increases the difficulty of our exports and increases the cost of exports.

The second issue is investment. At present, whether it is listed, investment or joint ventures, basically can not recruit American companies, the United States does not explicitly prohibit, but set a lot of restrictions and warnings.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

The third and most serious problem is technology. This problem is not new, it has always existed, and it is getting worse and worse to an incomprehensible degree.

Third, what should we do in the face of change

Faced with the above mentioned problems and changes in the international situation, how do Chinese companies respond?CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

In my opinion, it is incorrect to attribute the quality of business management to the current complex changes. Complex changes are not an excuse for poor business development. How to do your own business well, it is regular.

The United States does not sell our technology, and we have no choice but to develop it ourselves. But before that, we did not work hard to do, but chose to buy, the cost of direct purchase is much less than the cost of their own research and development. That’s why we’re so passive when change comes. In the past, when the wind was calm and the international environment was better, Chinese enterprises did not really do their best. There is still a big gap between our enterprise management system and that of developed countries. In fact, these changes in the external environment cannot be completely blamed. Complex changes do bring crises, but they also contain opportunities, which is a test for enterprises.

If we want to be a world-class enterprise.

We must do a good job in international management. Because the development of enterprises can not avoid competition, and now even China’s rural areas are using American agricultural harvesters, you want to develop and grow enterprises, how can you avoid foreign enterprises. China is an open country, it is impossible to shut itself off because of complex changes, so it is unrealistic for enterprises to escape international competition, they must use an open attitude and international vision to face the competition, do a good job in international management, and can become a world-class enterprise.

Enterprises have two basic tasks, one is efficiency, the other is innovation. Efficiency is to use the least input to do the most output, the enterprise should do its best to create wealth and improve people’s living standards. Only in this way can the efficiency of human and natural material exchange be improved to promote the development of modern society. If you talk about something other than efficiency, you will eventually not survive.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

The second innovation is not simply repetition.

There must be innovation. Now, after the basic needs of human commodities are met, if there is no innovation, it is difficult to have higher added value. The more valuable something is, the more it needs technical research.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

At Sinochem, there is a philosophy that if a company does not have innovation and research and development, Sinochem will not invest or make acquisitions. Without research and development and innovation, it is impossible to increase new products, so enterprises must have new products to drive upgrades, which is also a major strategy for enterprise competition.

In the current situation, I think the enterprise has no more strategy except technology research and development innovation. In today’s world competition pattern, Chinese enterprises talk about other strategies are useless, only face the pain points and difficulties of technology research and development, formulate technology innovation and research and development strategy, it is possible to stand out from the competition. China has developed from a relatively small economy into the world’s second largest economy, and its enterprises have slowly stepped out of the development state of high energy consumption, high pollution and low value. Now in the face of new changes, it is necessary to keep up with the pace of technological innovation, otherwise it is impossible to make progress.

In the later stage of my management of Sinochem.

I required the team to fully shift to technological innovation and scientific and technological innovation, with the main goal of developing new materials and new products. The whole company was mobilized to innovate, and there were some successes. At present, the difficulty of domestic enterprises’ R & D innovation is not that there is not enough money, but that the management and innovation of R & D are particularly difficult – it is very difficult to turn money into a good technology.

I once set up a research and development fund of 20 billion yuan in Sinochem. As long as there are good research and development projects, you can submit them. The fund provides financial support, but only a few projects can be produced in half a year. Because the basics you want to research have been studied by others, it is very difficult to bypass their research to innovate, but once you break through this difficulty, the value generated is also immeasurable.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

Shenyang China Chemical Research Institute.

Once launched a mite killing product, called Baozhuo. At that time, the drugs on the market to kill mites were basically monopolized by a Japanese company and Bell biopharmaceutical company, and because there were no new drugs for more than ten years, the mites developed resistance. The mite control product launched by Sinochem was very popular at that time, occupying about 30% of the market share in the first year of launch, and more than 50% in the second year, earning hundreds of millions of yuan a year, knocking down the two companies.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

This medicine kill mites effect is good, the price is also cheap, by the market praise. I later awarded the employee who developed this drug about 1 million yuan, thinking at that time to reward him as a rich man, so that everyone knows the value of innovation and creation. At present, no matter what enterprises, even if you are doing cement, it is useless not to upgrade, and it is easy to be eliminated.

Chinese enterprises not only have fierce competition with foreign investors.

But also have a lot of competition among Chinese enterprises. China Resources is the first to make beer, from 0 to today, it has become the country’s largest output of beer enterprises, but its profit is not the first in the country, because it is relatively cheap. In the early years, the competition between China Resources, Snow and Qingdao was also very hot, but it is this competition that has enabled China’s beer industry to develop rapidly, and now Chinese beer companies are in a comparative advantage in the global market. China Resources has also been acquiring foreign beer companies in recent years to improve its competitiveness.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

Therefore, whether it is national enterprises or state-owned enterprises, they have to face competition, and think about how to survive in the fierce competition, which has nothing to do with the complex external changes, regardless of whether the outside world has changed, the strategy of enterprise management can not avoid this point. Enterprises are in a constantly changing environment, and themselves are constantly changing, but everything changes, do their own most basic things, and make good products, which is the key to the success of business management.

Now in many enterprises, various departments create a lot of work, seemingly busy every day, every day meetings, write their own reports to do research, but ultimately did not fall on the real product, which has a big problem.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

In fact, if enterprise management wants to do well, many are regular.

Some people will ask me how I managed to make investments with a very high success rate when I was working for China Resources, CoFCO and Sinochem. In fact, we also have mistakes, but they are small mistakes, did not cause too much impact. So the outside world does not know that we are all successful. The volume of China Resources investment is relatively large. And we also know that if the investment is not good. Large-scale losses will have an impact on the national economy. So we are very cautious in investment. Our team can basically succeed in investment, of course. First of all, it is good luck, but it must also be regular, we will not expand, always keep calm.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

In addition to creating high-quality products, the use of human resources is equally important in business management.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

Someone once summed it up for me, he said that leaders only need to do two things well, the first is “human sense”. Have a sense of talent, know what talent to put in what position, can identify talent for what; The second is “touching”.Leaders should do what they should do, move talents, and make people willing to go with you. I think he summed it up well. And these two points are indeed the standards that leaders should meet to identify people and employ people.

Face challenges with optimism

Complex changes do not occur overnight; they already exist. The real change should be a change in the mode of competition and development. Foreign investment withdrawal from China, not only for other reasons. But also for the gradual increase of production costs in China, the industrial chain began to shift, China’s economy will continue to reshape, Chinese enterprises must adapt to this new state.

The century-old store is not static, similarly. CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

The corporate strategy you want to be completely unchanged in the same industry, which is simply impossible. In five years or so, there will be major technological changes. And companies will need to adjust their strategic direction to adapt to this change. If CoFCO does not become an international company. Does not do international food source channels. Does not do domestic consumer goods, only do terminal trade, then the company may not exist today. Today, Sinochem is an oil trading company, which only does ordinary processing oil. And it must become a technology-driven fine chemical company, and bid against BASF, Bell, DuPont and other companies. Now Sinochem is bigger than them. With 1.6 billion yuan of assets. Bell is the largest foreign company of its kind with a market value of only about 1 trillion yuan.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

Do a good job in basic management. Do a good job in products, and constantly reflect on and adjust your strategy to adapt to various complex changes. Change is coming, there is nothing to complain about, recognize the situation, adapt to it, the enterprise can do better.

I can feel everyone’s anxiety and pessimism, but don’t be affected by this emotion. Only by staying optimistic can we find solutions to problems. Only by staying optimistic can we have the courage and confidence to face challenges. Do not worry too much about the changes in the outside world, do a good job of their own basic management. Polish good products, accept competition, and create a stronger enterprise in the competition.CXO UNION CXO联盟 cxounion.cn

本文由CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）转载而成，来源于商闻；编辑：CXO UNIONCXO联盟小C。

如需加入CXO UNION（CXO联盟）高管社群，请联系社群小伙伴哦~

免责声明: 本网站(http://www.cxounion.cn/)内容主要来自原创、合作媒体供稿和第三方投稿，凡在本网站出现的信息，均仅供参考。本网站将尽力确保所提供信息的准确性及可靠性，但不保证有关资料的准确性及可靠性，读者在使用前请进一步核实，并对任何自主决定的行为负责。本网站对有关资料所引致的错误、不确或遗漏，概不负任何法律责任。

本网站刊载的所有内容(包括但不仅限文字、图片、LOGO、音频、视频、软件、程序等) 版权归原作者所有。任何单位或个人认为本网站中的内容可能涉嫌侵犯其知识产权或存在不实内容时，请及时通知本站，予以删除。