【观点】江小涓：数字化已成为全球化发展的重要驱动力量

9月2日，2023年中国国际服务贸易交易会（以下简称“服贸会”） 在京拉开帷幕。数字贸易发展趋势和前沿高峰论坛同期举行。中国工业经济学会会长、50人论坛顾问委员江小涓在会上表示，在全球化面临巨大挑战的当下，数字化已成为全球化发展的重要驱动力量。

“疫情期间，最大的100家数字跨国公司各项指标表现突出，海外资产比重、海外销售比重和资产净利润率都持续增长，与传统跨国公司形成鲜明对比。此外，数据驱动型服务贸易增长最快，数据驱动的服务贸易比重持续上升已经成为服务贸易的主要部分，贡献突出。” 江小涓表示。

在她看来，数字化驱动全球化发展主要体现以下几个方面：一是数字平台不断创新贸易模式、降低贸易成本、提高贸易效率。例如，数字电商平台利用数据资源和技术挖掘消费需求，降低跨国交易成本，在境外客户需求挖掘、海外影响推广、跨境支付、供应链管理与品牌建设等贸易促进方面发挥了重要作用。电商平台已是全球数字经济和数字贸易发展的引领者。此外，数字化物流平台是我国重要的竞争优势之一。当前，我国高度发达的智能物流广泛应用在与贸易相关的物流仓储、支付结算、融资贷款、报关通关、收汇结汇广告营销等各个领域，大大提高了各环节对客户需求的响应速度。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

二是数字化交易去除了中间环节，造福各国普通民众。江小涓举了一个例子，卢旺达咖啡95%以上都以生豆的形式出口。作为国际交易大宗农产品，咖农缺少良好的国际贸易渠道和议价能力，咖啡豆的质量和价格一直得不到提升。2018年，世界电子贸易平台(eWTP)落地卢旺达后，卢旺达的成品咖啡登上天猫国际等电商平台，完成从大宗出口到零售的商业模式转变，省去诸多烦琐的中间环节，新的方式已经让卢旺达咖农和从业者们有了实实在在的获得感:每卖出1公斤咖啡都能比以前多赚4美元，中国消费者也能品尝到优质的卢旺达咖啡。

三是数字平台企业通过复制数字服务模式加快了轻资产海外市场布局。数字平台企业对外投资，可以充分利用平台的大数据和算法优势，对东道国、母国和第三方的资源进行整合，将我国相关优势产业嵌入其中，带动商品、服务、技术、标准、理念进入国际市场，推动对外投资合作高质量发展。据介绍，滴滴公司已经在巴西800多个城市拥有2000多万用户，滴滴与比亚迪合作针对巴西市场生产价格低廉的电动汽车，带动了国产电动汽车出海，实现了数字平台投资带动制造业出口的良性循环。滴滴和其他中国数字企业一道，在数字支付、电商、社交平台、网约车等数字经济领域引领了巴西市场的“中国潮流”。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

四是数字化支撑着科学技术全球合作。全球一些大型科学项目对海量数据和计算能力的需求非常大，这就需要多国合作。

针对全球数字治理方面遇到的问题，她强调，在数字时代，不开放将无法与国际社会共建共享共同发展。数字时代，数据生产流动和共享的意义重大，科技对社会问题的回应能力极大提升。例如，新型冠状病毒全球大流行以来，涵盖基因序列数据与临床试验结果、药物治疗公平分配、开放式创新与专利高效转让等领域的数据开放与共享，对及时发现毒株变异、预测疫情流行和采取应对措施发挥了极为重要的作用。中国作为全球数字贸易大国，要通过政府间数字贸易协定、大型平台塑造跨境交易秩序等方面，推动全球数字贸易治理向着有利于发展的方向运行。

一是要推动政府间数字贸易协定的谈判。目前在传统议题方面，政府间分歧较小。例如，公共电信服务接入和使用、电子传输海关关税、电子认证和电子签名、在线消费者保护等。但在新兴议题，存在争议。例如，数字产品非歧视待遇。计算设施位置、源代码、交互式计算机服务、公开政府数据、跨境数据流动等。

二是支持大型数字企业塑造全球数字交易商业秩序。数字时代，跨境数字企业在全球商业秩序的塑造上具备突出能力。例如在电商贸易中，跨境交易规则、消费者保护、知识产权保护、商业信用塑造等商业内容已经内化为平台的业务运行规则，而政府间多边谈判则远远滞后。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

三是支持数字平台自我治理，共同推动形成跨境数字交易秩序。阿里巴巴国际站已建立大数据信用体系，根据企业真实进出口行为数据(基本信息、贸易行为、金融行为、商业关系)和第三方授权数据(工商、法院、海关、税务、金融)形成基础信息、经营实力、服务能力、履约历史等多维度信用评级，并据此设立失信惩罚和守信激励双重机制。目前已为全球超150万卖家提供了500万单以上的信保订单，有效缩短供应商的获客周期(相比线下交易提效超7成)，对客单价提升近2倍，促进电子产品在印度询盘率提升100%，服装、3C产品在越南询盘率提升60%。

翻译：

Jiang Xiaojuan: Digitalization has become an important driving force for globalization

On September 2, 2023 China International Fair for Trade in Services (hereinafter referred to as “Service Trade Fair”) kicked off in Beijing. Digital Trade Development Trends and Frontier Summit Forum will be held at the same time. Jiang Xiaojuan, president of the China Society of Industrial Economics and an advisory member of the 50-member Forum, said at the meeting that digitalization has become an important driving force for the development of globalization at a time when globalization is facing great challenges. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

“During the epidemic, the largest 100 digital multinational companies have outstanding performance in various indicators, and the proportion of overseas assets, the proportion of overseas sales and the net profit margin on assets have continued to increase, in stark contrast to traditional multinational companies.” In addition, data-driven service trade is growing the fastest, and the proportion of data-driven service trade continues to rise and has become a major part of service trade, making an outstanding contribution.” Jiang Xiaojuan said.

In her view, digital-driven globalization is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, digital platforms continue to innovate trade patterns, reduce trade costs, and improve trade efficiency. For example, digital e-commerce platforms use data resources and technology to tap consumer demand, reduce cross-border transaction costs, and play an important role in trade promotion such as overseas customer demand mining, overseas influence promotion, cross-border payment, supply chain management and brand building. E-commerce platforms are already leading the development of the global digital economy and digital trade. In addition, the digital logistics platform is one of the important competitive advantages of China. At present, China’s highly developed intelligent logistics is widely used in various fields such as trade-related logistics warehousing, payment and settlement, financing and loans, customs clearance, foreign exchange collection and settlement, advertising and marketing, which greatly improves the response speed of each link to customer needs. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Second, digital transactions eliminate intermediate links and benefit ordinary people in all countries. As an example, more than 95% of Rwandan coffee is exported in the form of raw beans. As an internationally traded bulk agricultural product, coffee farmers lack good international trade channels and bargaining power, and the quality and price of coffee beans have not been improved. In 2018, after the World Electronic Trade Platform (eWTP) landed in Rwanda, Rwanda’s finished coffee was placed on e-commerce platforms such as Tmall International, completing the transformation of the business model from bulk export to retail, eliminating many tedious intermediate links. The new approach has given Rwandan coffee farmers and practitioners a tangible sense of gain: each 1kg of coffee sold can earn $4 more than before, and Chinese consumers can also taste high-quality Rwandan coffee.

Third, digital platform enterprises have accelerated the layout of asset-light overseas markets by copying the digital service model. When investing overseas, digital platform enterprises can make full use of the platform’s big data and algorithm advantages, integrate the resources of host country, home country and third party, embed China’s relevant advantageous industries, drive goods, services, technologies, standards and concepts into the international market, and promote the high-quality development of overseas investment cooperation. According to reports, Didi has more than 20 million users in more than 800 cities in Brazil, Didi and BYD cooperation for the Brazilian market to produce low-cost electric vehicles, driving domestic electric vehicles to go to sea, to achieve a virtuous cycle of digital platform investment to drive manufacturing exports. Didi, together with other Chinese digital companies, has led the “China trend” in the Brazilian market in digital economy areas such as digital payments, e-commerce, social platforms and online car hailing.

Fourth, digitalization underpins global cooperation in science and technology. Some of the world’s largest scientific projects require huge amounts of data and computing power, which requires multinational cooperation. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

In response to the problems encountered in global digital governance, she stressed that in the digital era, failure to open up will make it impossible to build and share common development with the international community. In the digital age, the flow and sharing of data production is of great significance, and the ability of technology to respond to social problems has been greatly improved. For example, since the global coronavirus pandemic, the opening and sharing of data in areas such as gene sequence data and clinical trial results, equitable distribution of drug treatments, open innovation and efficient transfer of patents have played an extremely important role in timely detection of strain variation, prediction of epidemic prevalence and response measures. As a major global digital trading country, China should shape cross-border transaction order through intergovernmental digital trade agreements and large-scale platforms to promote global digital trade governance in a direction conducive to development. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

The first is to promote the negotiation of inter-governmental digital trade agreements. At present, there are few differences between governments on traditional issues. For example, access to and use of public telecommunications services, customs duties for electronic transmissions, electronic authentication and electronic signatures, and online consumer protection. But on emerging issues, there is controversy. For example, non-discriminatory treatment of digital products. Computing facility locations, source code, interactive computer services, open government data, cross-border data flows, etc.

The second is to support large digital enterprises in shaping the global business order of digital transactions. In the digital age, cross-border digital enterprises have outstanding capabilities in shaping the global business order. For example, in e-commerce trade, cross-border transaction rules, consumer protection, intellectual property protection, commercial credit shaping and other commercial content have been internalized into the platform’s business operation rules, while intergovernmental multilateral negotiations lag far behind. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Third, support the self-governance of digital platforms and jointly promote the formation of cross-border digital transaction order. Alibaba International Station has established a big data credit system, based on the real import and export behavior data (basic information, trade behavior, financial behavior, business relations) and third-party authorized data (industry and commerce, court, customs, taxation, finance) to form a multi-dimensional credit rating such as basic information, business strength, service ability, and performance history. Accordingly, a dual mechanism of punishment for dishonesty and incentive for trustworthiness is set up. At present, it has provided more than 5 million credit insurance orders for more than 1.5 million sellers around the world, effectively shortening the customer acquisition cycle of suppliers (compared with the offline transaction efficiency of more than 70%), increasing the unit price of customers by nearly 2 times, promoting the inquiry rate of electronic products in India by 100%, and the inquiry rate of clothing and 3C products in Vietnam by 60%.

由CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）转载而成，来源于中国电子报公众号；编辑/翻译：CXO UNIONCXO联盟小U。

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