【观点】隆国强：如何深化重点领域改革？

近日，国务院发展研究中心副主任隆国强在《经济研究》发表题为《深化重点领域改革，促进高质量发展》的文章。

隆国强表示，深化重点领域改革具有重大意义，加快构建推动和保障高质量发展的体制机制，第一，要不断完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制，充分激发各类经济主体的内生动力和创新活力；第二，要加快全国统一大市场建设，提高资源配置效率；第三，扩大高水平对外开放，形成开放与改革相互促进的新格局；第四，建立和完善推进生态文明建设和绿色低碳发展的体制机制。 扎实推进深化重点领域体制改革，一是加强党的集中统一领导；二是充分调动改革积极性；三是积极推动改革试点，为深化重点领域改革积累经验。

改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键一招。2023年中央经济工作会议系统总结了全年的经济工作，全面部署了2024年经济工作。强调必须坚持依靠改革开放增强发展内生动力，统筹推进深层次改革和高水平开放，不断解放和发展生产力、激发和增强社会活力。本文结合中央经济工作会议精神，就“深化重点领域改革”，谈几点粗浅认识。

一、 深化重点领域改革具有重大意义

第一，深化重点领域改革是不断完善社会主义市场经济体制的必然要求。改革开放四十多年来，特别是党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以巨大的政治勇气全面深化改革，加强改革顶层设计，打响改革攻坚战，各领域基础性制度框架基本建立，中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟更加定型。同时要看到，改革只有进行时，没有完成时。一是技术不断进步，推动生产力不断发展，对建立和完善相关制度提出新要求，例如，信息技术突飞猛进，数字经济快速发展，对数字经济相关制度，如数据确权、交易、知识产权保护、流动等一系列的制度提出要求。二是从目标导向看，党的二十大开启了中国式现代化新征程，需要不断深化重点领域改革，才能为现代化建设提供体制保障。三是从问题导向看，哪个领域哪个环节问题突出，哪个领域哪个环节就是改革的重点，只有不断深化重点领域改革，才能从根本上解决发展面临的突出问题。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

第二，深化重点领域改革是为高质量发展提供制度保障的必然要求。高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。推动高质量发展必须完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，同时，还必须建立和完善促进高质量发展的一整套体制机制，才能保障发展方式的根本性转变。如果不能及时建立一整套衡量高质量发展的指标体系和政绩考核体系，就难以引导干部按照新发展理念来推进工作。如果不能在创新、知识产权保护、行业准入等方面建立战略性新兴产业需要的体制机制，新兴产业、未来产业等高质量发展的新动能也难以顺利形成。例如，中央经济工作会议提出要发展商业航天，目前航天领域市场准入、资源管理、频谱分配等体制尚不能适应商业航天产业发展的需要，必须进行体系性改革。总之，要推进高质量发展，必须深化重点领域改革。

第三，深化重点领域改革是推动经济持续稳定增长的需要。当前，推动经济回升向好需要克服一些问题和挑战，主要是有效需求不足、部分行业产能过剩、社会预期偏弱、风险隐患仍然较多，国内大循环存在堵点，外部环境的复杂性、严峻性、不确定性上升。我国所处的发展阶段和实现现代化目标都决定了，我国在相当一段时期必须保持经济发展质的有效提升和量的合理增长。保持国民经济持续稳定增长，宏观管理与改革开放必须协同发力。一方面，要采取货币政策和财政政策扩大有效需求，加强和改善宏观管理；另一方面，必须深化改革扩大开放，不断增强发展的内生动力。

二、加快构建推动和保障高质量发展的体制机制

高质量发展是新时代的硬道理。我国传统发展模式不可持续，必须完整、准确、全面贯彻落实新发展理念，推动经济实现高质量发展。中央经济工作会议提出，要谋划进一步全面深化改革重大举措，为推动高质量发展、加快中国式现代化建设持续注入强大动力。新时代的经济体制改革必须紧紧围绕高质量发展这个核心，激发高质量发展的内生动力，为高质量发展提供制度保障。

第一，要不断完善落实“两个毫不动摇”的体制机制，充分激发各类经济主体的内生动力和创新活力。公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展是我国现代化建设的重要优势。推动高质量发展，需要深化改革，充分释放各类经济主体的创新活力。应对国际环境的复杂性、严峻性、不确定性，克服“卡脖子”问题，维护产业链安全稳定，同样需要为各类经济主体的发展提供更加完善的市场环境和体制环境。国有企业拥有雄厚的创新资源，人才济济，要深入实施国有企业改革深化提升行动，激发创新动力，增强核心功能、提高核心竞争力。民营企业是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，要在市场准入、要素获取、公平执法、权益保护等方面落实一批举措，增强民营企业信心，促进民营企业发展壮大。外商投资企业对我国高质量发展具有重要作用，2023年国务院制定《关于进一步优化外商投资环境 加大吸引外商投资力度的意见》（国发〔2023〕11号），受到外资企业的普遍欢迎，要进一步细化具体措施，尽快使相关政策落地生效，不断增强我国对外商投资的吸引力，提高利用外资质量。中小企业量多面广，对就业、发展、创新等多方面具有重要意义，特别是专精特新的中小企业，将为开辟新领域、制胜新赛道增添新活力，因此，要从国内国际新形势出发，持续改善营商环境特别是创业环境，深化创投基金、资本市场、市场环境等相关领域的改革，培育更多的专精特新企业。

第二，要加快全国统一大市场建设，提高资源配置效率。超大规模的国内市场，可以有效分摊企业研发、制造、服务的成本，形成规模经济，这是我国推动高质量发展的一个重要优势。当前，全国统一大市场建设面临着地方保护和市场分割，例如，有的城市公务用车和出租车主要采购本地产汽车，需要进一步深化改革构建平等竞争的市场环境。要素市场分割比产品市场更加严重，人员跨地区流动还面临不少体制性障碍，地方政府在招商引资方面的不规范竞争甚至恶性竞争，进一步加剧不同企业之间不平等竞争。数据要素作为一种全新的生产要素，面临着确权、定价、交易、流通、保护等多方面的制度缺失，难以充分发挥其价值。因此，加快全国统一大市场建设，需要破立结合，既要着力破除各种形式的地方保护和市场分割，深化要素市场改革，又要加快建立确保要素、商品、服务有序流动、平等竞争的体制环境，建设高标准市场体系，从而发挥市场机制促进优胜劣汰作用，提高资源配置效率。按照促进高质量发展的要求，深化财政金融体制改革。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

第三，扩大高水平对外开放，形成开放与改革相互促进的新格局。对外开放本质上也是改革，以开放促改革、促发展，是我国发展不断取得新成就的重要法宝。对外开放是利用全球资源全球市场和在全球配置资源，是高质量发展的内在要求。当前，世界进入新的动荡变革期，大国博弈加剧，美国和一些西方国家对华采取“去风险”“小院高墙”等遏制围堵政策，保护主义、单边主义日益加剧。经济全球化从注重效率转向效率、安全、公平兼顾，全球产业链供应链加速重构，各国吸引外资的竞争更加激烈。我们必须审时度势，推动更高水平的对外开放，才能在在新的国际环境下趋利避害。要把握国际贸易数字化、绿色化、服务化带来的新机遇，在维护好传统外贸基本盘的同时，大力推动中间品贸易、服务贸易、数字贸易、跨境电商出口，加快培育外贸出口新动能。对标国际高标准经贸规则，推进规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放，持续建设市场化、法治化、国际化的一流营商环境，放宽电信、医疗等服务业市场准入，认真解决数据跨境流动、内外资企业平等参与政府采购等问题，切实打通外籍人员来华经商、学习、旅游的堵点，打造“投资中国”品牌。在沿海欠发达地区、中西部地区选择条件适宜的地点建立产业园区，着力改善投资环境，承接产业转移。不断完善对外投资管理、协调、服务、保护体系，引导对外投资合作有序推进，加强对外投资风险防控和海外利益保护。“一带一路”倡议进入新十年，要扎实推进第三届“一带一路”高峰论坛提出的高质量共建“一带一路”八项行动，统筹推进重大标志性工程和“小而美”民生项目。

第四，建立和完善推进生态文明建设和绿色低碳发展的体制机制。生产生活方式的绿色化转型是全球性趋势，建立与完善强制性机制和市场化机制协同发力的绿色低碳发展制度体系，是各国共同面临的艰巨任务，是一个长期的过程。在习近平生态文明思想指引下，我国生态文明建设发生了历史性、转折性、全局性变化。在全球应对气候变化、加快绿色低碳转型的背景下，我国要加快建立和完善推进生态文明和绿色低碳发展的体制机制，推动绿色低碳循环经济发展，打造绿色低碳供应链，增强应对“绿色保护主义”的能力，维护和增强我国绿色低碳产业的国际竞争力。围绕碳达峰、碳中和目标，提升碳排放统计核算核查能力，积极探索从“能耗双控”向“碳排放双控”转变的管理体制。在继续用好环境督查、排放指标控制等行之有效的行政性手段的同时，积极探索建立和完善绿色发展的市场化机制，培育具有国际竞争力的碳市场，完善生态产品价值实现机制、绿色溢价机制、生态补偿机制等，拓宽绿水青山转化为金山银山的路径。抓住能源资源这个重点领域，积极探索相应的体制机制，推动加快建设清洁低碳安全高效的新型能源体系，促进资源节约集约循环高效利用，提高能源资源安全保障能力。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

三、扎实推进深化重点领域体制改革

一是加强党的集中统一领导。党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，是我国各项事业发展的根本保障。深化重点领域体制改革，必须加强党的集中统一领导。党的领导是确保改革始终沿着正确方向的需要。要坚持全面深化改革的总目标，即完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化；坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展；坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向，以经济体制改革为重点，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用。党的领导是加强顶层设计和总体规划的需要，有利于提高改革决策的科学性，增强改革措施的协调性。党的领导是科学有序推进改革的需要，重大改革具有内在逻辑关系，要抓住重点领域和关键环节， 统筹协调，实现改革推进的系统性、整体性、协同性。

二是充分调动改革积极性。任何工作都是一分部署，九分落实，深化重点领域改革亦是如此。中央经济工作会议强调，要不折不扣抓落实，雷厉风行抓落实，求真务实抓落实，敢做善为抓落实，充分体现了中央对抓好落实的高度重视。要充分调动各级干部特别是主要负责同志抓改革、干改革的积极性。一方面，要健全正向激励机制，着力强化敢于担当、攻坚克难的用人导向，把那些想改革、谋改革、善改革的干部用起来；另一方面，要建立和完善容错机制。习近平总书记在二十届中央纪委二次全会上强调，要坚持严管和厚爱结合、激励和约束并重，坚持“三个区分开来”，鼓励干部在推进改革中锐意进取、敢做敢为。

三是积极推动改革试点，为深化重点领域改革积累经验。2023年中央经济工作会议提出，要坚持稳中求进、以进促稳、先立后破，这对于深化重点领域改革具有重要指导意义。改革是破旧立新的过程，面向高质量发展的体制机制，有很多并无成熟经验，比如数据跨境安全有序流动、碳排放“双控机制”，等等，需要在实践中先行试验，才能做到“先立后破”。回顾四十多年的改革开放历程，加入世界贸易组织是以开放促改革的经典案例。我国加入世界贸易组织后，之所以避免了人们担心的对农业、汽车、金融等产业的冲击，充分发挥了开放的红利，一个重要经验就是我们把“复关/入世”谈判的过程，作为对标国际经贸规则主动推进改革开放的过程。目前，我国已经提出要申请加入“全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定”（CPTPP）和“数字经济伙伴关系协定”（DEPA）。应该充分发挥“自贸试验区（港）”等改革开放先行试验区的作用，对标高标准国际经贸规则，按照中央深化重点领域改革的部署，率先推进改革开放，进行压力测试，及时总结经验，复制推广。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

翻译：

Long Guoqiang: How to deepen reform in key areas?

Long Guoqiang, deputy director of the Development Research Center of The State Council, recently published an article titled “Deepening reform in Key Areas to promote high-quality development” in Economic Research.

Long Guoqiang said that deepening reform in key areas is of great significance, and accelerating the construction of institutions and mechanisms to promote and guarantee high-quality development. First, it is necessary to constantly improve the implementation of the “two unwavering” institutions and mechanisms, and fully stimulate the internal driving force and innovation vitality of various economic entities; Second, we should speed up the development of a large unified market across the country and improve the efficiency of resource allocation. Third, we should open wider to the outside world at a high level, and form a new pattern in which opening up and reform reinforce each other. Fourth, establish and improve institutions and mechanisms for promoting ecological civilization and green and low-carbon development. We will make solid progress in deepening institutional reform in key areas. First, we will strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party. Second, fully mobilize the enthusiasm for reform; Third, we actively promoted pilot reforms to accumulate experience for deepening reforms in key areas. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Reform and opening up is a key move that determines the destiny of contemporary China. The 2023 Central Economic Work Conference system summarized the economic work of the whole year and fully deployed the economic work of 2024. We must continue to rely on reform and opening up to increase the internal driving force for development, advance deep-level reform and high-level opening up in a coordinated manner, and continue to unleash and develop productive forces and stimulate and enhance social vitality. This article combines with the spirit of the Central Economic Work Conference, on “deepening the reform of key areas”, to talk about some superficial understanding.

First, deepening reform in key areas is of great significance

First, deepening reform in key areas is an inevitable requirement for constantly improving the socialist market economy. At the same time, it should be noted that reform is only carried out when it is completed. First, the continuous progress of technology has promoted the continuous development of productivity, and put forward new requirements for the establishment and improvement of relevant systems. For example, the rapid development of information technology and the rapid development of the digital economy have put forward requirements for a series of systems related to the digital economy, such as data confirmation, transaction, intellectual property protection, and flow. Second, from a goal-oriented perspective, the Party’s 20th National Congress has embarked on a new journey of Chinese-style modernization, and we need to continue to deepen reforms in key areas in order to provide institutional support for modernization. Third, from a problem-oriented perspective, which areas and which links are prominent problems, which areas and which links are the focus of reform, and only by deepening reform in key areas can we fundamentally solve the prominent problems facing development.

Second, deepening reform in key areas is an inevitable requirement to provide institutional guarantees for high-quality development. High-quality development is the primary task for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. To promote high-quality development, we must fully, accurately and comprehensively implement the new development concept. At the same time, we must also establish and improve a set of institutions and mechanisms to promote high-quality development, so as to ensure a fundamental change in the development model. If we cannot establish a set of indicators and performance evaluation systems to measure high-quality development in a timely manner, it will be difficult to guide cadres to advance their work in accordance with the new development concept. Without the establishment of institutions and mechanisms needed by strategic emerging industries in such areas as innovation, intellectual property protection and industry access, it will be difficult for new drivers of high-quality development such as emerging industries and industries of the future to take shape smoothly. For example, the Central Economic Work Conference proposed to develop commercial space, the current space market access, resource management, spectrum allocation and other systems can not meet the needs of the development of the commercial space industry, must be systematically reformed. In short, to promote high-quality development, we must deepen reform in key areas.

Third, deepening reform in key areas is necessary to promote sustained and steady economic growth. At present, we need to overcome a number of problems and challenges to promote economic recovery. The main problems are insufficient effective demand, overcapacity in some industries, weak social expectations, many hidden risks, blocked points in the domestic cycle, and increasing complexity, severity and uncertainty in the external environment. China’s stage of development and the goal of modernization have determined that China must maintain an effective improvement in the quality of economic development and a reasonable growth in quantity for a considerable period of time. To maintain sustained and steady growth of the national economy, macro-management and reform and opening up must work together. On the one hand, we should adopt monetary and fiscal policies to expand effective demand and strengthen and improve macro management. On the other hand, we must deepen reform, expand opening up and continuously increase the internal driving force for development.

Second, accelerate the establishment of institutions and mechanisms to promote and ensure high-quality development

High-quality development is the fundamental principle of the new era. China’s traditional development model is not sustainable, we must fully, accurately and comprehensively implement the new development concept, and promote high-quality economic development. The Central Economic Work Conference proposed that major measures should be planned to further comprehensively deepen reform, and continue to inject strong impetus into promoting high-quality development and accelerating Chinese-style modernization. Economic restructuring in the new era must focus on the core of high-quality development, stimulate the internal driving force for high-quality development, and provide institutional guarantees for high-quality development. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

First, we need to continuously improve the implementation of the “two unwavering” systems and mechanisms to fully stimulate the internal driving force and innovative vitality of various economic entities. It is an important advantage of China’s modernization drive that public ownership is the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership develop together. To promote high-quality development, we need to deepen reform and fully unleash the innovation vitality of various economic entities. To cope with the complexity, severity and uncertainty of the international environment, overcome the problem of “choking”, and maintain the security and stability of the industrial chain, we also need to provide a more perfect market and institutional environment for the development of various economic entities. State-owned enterprises have strong innovation resources and abundant talents. We should deepen the reform and upgrade of state-owned enterprises, stimulate innovation impetus, enhance core functions and improve core competitiveness. Private enterprises are an important part of the socialist market economy. We should implement a number of measures in market access, access to factors of production, fair law enforcement, and protection of rights and interests to boost their confidence and promote their development and growth. Foreign-invested enterprises play an important role in China’s high-quality development. In 2023, The State Council formulated the Opinions on Further Optimizing the Foreign Investment Environment and Increasing efforts to attract Foreign Investment (Guofa (2023) No. 11), which was generally welcomed by foreign-funded enterprises. It is necessary to further refine specific measures and make relevant policies effective as soon as possible. We will continuously enhance the attractiveness of our country to foreign investment and improve the quality of foreign investment utilization. Small and medium-sized enterprises are of great significance to employment, development and innovation, especially specialized new small and medium-sized enterprises, which will add new vitality to open up new fields and win new races. Therefore, we should proceed from the new domestic and international situations, continue to improve the business environment, especially the entrepreneurial environment, and deepen the reform of venture capital funds, capital markets, market environment and other related fields. Cultivate more specialized and special new enterprises.

Second, we should speed up the development of a large unified market across the country and improve the efficiency of resource allocation. The super-large-scale domestic market can effectively apportion the cost of enterprise research and development, manufacturing, and service, and form economies of scale, which is an important advantage for China to promote high-quality development. At present, the construction of the national unified big market is facing local protection and market segmentation, for example, some urban official cars and taxis mainly purchase local cars, and it is necessary to further deepen reform to build a market environment of equal competition. The segmentation of factor markets is more serious than that of product markets, the inter-regional flow of personnel still faces many institutional obstacles, and the irregular and even vicious competition of local governments in attracting investment has further intensified the unequal competition between different enterprises. As a new factor of production, data elements are faced with many institutional deficiencies such as right confirmation, pricing, trading, circulation and protection, and it is difficult to give full play to their value. Therefore, to speed up the development of a unified large market across the country, we need to break all forms of local protection and market segmentation, deepen the reform of factor markets, and accelerate the establishment of an institutional environment to ensure the orderly flow of factors, goods and services and equal competition, and build a high-standard market system, so as to give full play to the market mechanism to promote the survival of the fittest and improve the efficiency of resource allocation. We will deepen reform of the fiscal and financial systems in accordance with the requirement of promoting high-quality development. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Third, we need to open wider to the outside world at a high level and form a new pattern in which opening up and reform reinforce each other. Opening up is also reform in nature, and promoting reform and development through opening up is an important magic weapon for China to make new achievements in development. Opening up is the use of global resources, global markets and global allocation of resources, which is an inherent requirement for high-quality development. At present, the world has entered a new period of turbulence and change, and the game between major countries has intensified. The United States and some Western countries have adopted containment and containment policies such as “de-risking” and “small walls” against China, and protectionism and unilateralism have intensified. Economic globalization has shifted from focusing on efficiency to taking into account both efficiency, security and fairness. The restructuring of global industrial and supply chains is accelerating. We must assess the situation and promote a higher level of opening up to the outside world in order to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages in the new international environment. We need to seize the new opportunities brought about by the digitalization, greening and serviceability of international trade, vigorously promote trade in intermediate goods, trade in services, digital trade and cross-border e-commerce exports, and accelerate the cultivation of new driving forces for foreign trade and export. We will adopt high international economic and trade rules, promote institutional openness based on rules, regulations, management, and standards, and continue to build a first-class market-oriented, law-based, and international business environment. We will ease market access for services such as telecommunications and medical care, and address issues related to cross-border data flow and equal participation of Chinese and foreign enterprises in government procurement. It will effectively open up the blocking points for foreign nationals to do business, study and travel in China, and build the brand of “invest in China”. We will establish industrial parks in less developed coastal areas and central and western regions in locations with suitable conditions, and strive to improve the investment environment and undertake industrial relocation. We will continue to improve the system for managing, coordinating, serving, and protecting outbound investment, guide the orderly progress of outbound investment cooperation, and strengthen the prevention and control of outbound investment risks and the protection of overseas interests. As the Belt and Road Initiative enters the new decade, we need to make solid progress in the eight high-quality Belt and Road actions proposed at the Third Belt and Road Forum, and coordinate major landmark projects and “small but beautiful” livelihood projects.

Fourth, establish and improve institutions and mechanisms for promoting ecological civilization and green and low-carbon development. The green transformation of production and lifestyle is a global trend. Establishing a green and low-carbon development system that works in tandem with the improvement of mandatory mechanisms and market mechanisms is an arduous task facing all countries and a long-term process. In the context of global response to climate change and accelerating green and low-carbon transformation, China should accelerate the establishment and improvement of the system and mechanism to promote ecological civilization and green and low-carbon development, promote the development of green and low-carbon circular economy, build green and low-carbon supply chain, strengthen the ability to cope with “green protectionism”, and maintain and enhance the international competitiveness of China’s green and low-carbon industry. Focusing on the goal of reaching the peak of carbon and carbon neutrality, we will improve the ability of statistical accounting and verification of carbon emissions, and actively explore the management system that changes from “dual control of energy consumption” to “dual control of carbon emissions”. While continuing to make good use of effective administrative means such as environmental supervision and emission index control, we will actively explore the establishment and improvement of market-oriented mechanisms for green development, cultivate an internationally competitive carbon market, improve the value realization mechanism of ecological products, the green premium mechanism, and the ecological compensation mechanism, and broaden the path for transforming green mountains into gold hills and silver mountains. Focusing on the key area of energy and resources, we will actively explore appropriate institutions and mechanisms to accelerate the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient new energy system, promote the efficient and efficient use of resources, and improve our ability to ensure energy and resources security.

Third, we made solid progress in deepening institutional reform in key areas

First, we will strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party. The Party’s leadership role in taking the overall situation and coordinating all parties is the fundamental guarantee for the development of various undertakings in our country. To deepen institutional reform in key areas, we must strengthen the centralized and unified leadership of the Party. The Party’s leadership is needed to ensure that reforms are always in the right direction. We should adhere to the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform, that is, improving and developing the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the national governance system and capacity. Uphold and improve the basic socialist economic system, unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector; We should adhere to the direction of socialist market economy reform, focus on economic restructuring, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and better play the role of the government. The Party’s leadership is needed to strengthen top-level design and overall planning, and is conducive to making reform decisions more scientific and enhancing the coordination of reform measures. The Party’s leadership is necessary to advance reform in a scientific and orderly way. Major reforms have an inherent logical relationship. We should focus on key areas and key links, make overall planning and coordination, and achieve systematic, holistic and coordinated reform.

Second, we will fully mobilize the enthusiasm for reform. Any work is one part of the plan and nine parts of the implementation, and the same is true for deepening reform in key areas. The Central Economic Work Conference stressed that it is necessary to grasp the implementation in the letter, grasp the implementation vigorously, grasp the implementation earnestly and pragmatically, and dare to grasp the implementation of the good, which fully reflects the central government’s great importance to grasp the implementation. We must fully mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres at all levels, especially the comrades in charge, to carry out reform and reform. On the one hand, we need to improve the positive incentive mechanism, strengthen the employment orientation that dares to take on responsibilities and overcome difficulties, and use those cadres who want to reform, seek reform and are good at reform. On the other hand, we should establish and improve the fault tolerance mechanism.

Third, we actively promoted pilot reforms to accumulate experience for deepening reforms in key areas. The Central Economic Work Conference in 2023 proposed that we should seek progress while maintaining stability, promote stability through progress, and achieve success first, which has important guiding significance for deepening reform in key areas. Reform is a process of old and new, for high-quality development of the system and mechanism, there are many do not have mature experience, such as the cross-border safe and orderly flow of data, carbon emissions “double control mechanism”, etc., need to be first tested in practice, in order to achieve “first to break”. Looking back on the course of reform and opening-up over the past four decades, China’s accession to the WTO is a classic case of opening-up promoting reform. After China joined the WTO, it avoided the impact on agriculture, automobiles, finance and other industries that people were worried about, and gave full play to the dividends of opening up. An important experience is that we took the process of “re-entry/WTO entry” negotiations as a process of actively promoting reform and opening up to the international economic and trade rules. At present, China has proposed to apply to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA). We should give full play to the role of pilot pilot zones for reform and opening up, such as pilot Free trade Zones (Hong Kong), and take the lead in promoting reform and opening up in accordance with the central government’s plan to deepen reform in key areas, conduct stress tests, summarize experience in a timely manner, and replicate it.

由CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）转载而成，来源于《经济研究》；编辑/翻译：CXO UNIONCXO联盟小U。

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