【趋势】浅谈国内智能制造现状和未来发展趋势

进入二十一世纪，互联网、新能源、大数据等技术的迅猛发展，从而使得社会发生巨大的改变，人类生产工业发生变革。为应对全球挑战，我国根据发展的实际情况，提出《中国制造2025》的国家战略规划。毋庸置疑的是，智能制造必定成为世界制造业今后的发展趋势。

那么，目前国内智能制造的发展现状和未来的发展趋势如何呢？

近几年来，随着科技的飞速发展，“中国制造”向“中国智造”转型的故事正在上演。而随着5G时代的到来，众多中国科技企业也是迅速崛起，进一步推动了“中国智造”的发展进程 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

早在1993年， 中国对“智能制造系统关键技术”进行了探讨研究。最近这几年政府和企业更加注重智能制造的发展，一是国家持续颁布了一些政策关于智能制造的发展，如:《智能制造装备产业“十二五”发展规划》、《智能制造科技发展“十二五”规划》。中国以《中国制造2025》为总纲，各地方已经出台政策，来支持智能制造。二是国家正在进行智能制造试点示范，按照《2015年智能制造试点示范专项行动实施方案》和《关于开展2015年智能制造试点示范项目推荐的通知》，已经确定好覆盖38个行业的46个试点示范项目，涉及智能装备、智能服务、智能化管理等6个类别。

当前，我国已具备发展智能制造的基础与条件：

我国已经取得了一大批相关的基础研究成果，掌握了长期制约我国产业发展的部分智能制造技术，如机器人技术、感知技术、复杂制造系统、智能信息处理技术等。以新型传感器、智能控制系统、工业机器人、自动化成套生产线为代表的智能制造装备产业体系初步形成。我国制造业数字化具备一定的基础。目前规模以上工业企业在研发设计方面应用数字化工具普及率已经达到54%，生产线上数控装备比重已经达到30%。

（一）机遇

第一，智能制造技术处于世界一流水平。当前，新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速发展，大数据、人工智能、物联网等新一代信息技术正在与制造业深入融合，不断改变着制造业的生产方式、组织方式和发展模式，数字化、网络化、智能化已经成为全球制造业发展的重要方向。在第四次工业革命，也就是这次世界经济加速向数字化转型的过程中，我国在多个领域实现重大突破，新技术、新产品、新业态、新模式不断涌现;支撑智能制造发展的5G、大数据等技术方面处于全球第一梯队，为未来智能制造的全球竞争奠定良好基础。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

第二，我国具有全球独有的发展高端制造业的全产业链条。我国具有全球最完整、规模最大的工业体系、强大的生产能力、完善的配套能力。目前我国已经拥有41个工业大类、207个工业中类、666个工业小类，形成了独立完整的现代工业体系，是全世界唯一拥有联合国产业分类当中全部工业门类的国家。随着智能制造深入推进，工业互联网发展进入快车道，一大批数字化车间和智能工厂已经建成。截至2020年6月，制造业重点领域企业关键工序数控化率和数字化研发设计工具普及率分别达到51.1%和71.5%。

第三，在智能制造“走出去”方面已经奠定坚实基础。我国制造业始终秉承开放发展的理念，是对外开放、合作共赢的重要领域。当前，我国已经成为全球货物贸易第一大国。一般制造业有序放开，已经与“一带一路”沿线30多个国家签署产能合作协议，高铁、核电、卫星等成体系走出国门，中国制造在全球产业链、供应链中的地位和影响力持续攀升。

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（二）挑战

第一，经济全球化仍然面临巨大的不确定性。当前世界经济形势复杂严峻，经济复苏具有不稳定性和不平衡性，新冠肺炎疫情的影响广泛而深远，各类衍生风险不容忽视，一些国家单边主义、保护主义、霸权主义非常严重。

第二，智能制造发展的国际竞争将更加激烈。近年来，美国、德国等发达国家加快实施以信息技术为核心驱动力的先进制造计划。如德国的工业4.0。并且依托制造等领域的优势，构建数字驱动的工业生产制造体系，打造产业竞争新优势，抢占新一轮国际竞争制高点。我国面临着更加激烈的竞争。

第三，我国在智能制造的一些基础技术和关键核心技术方面仍然存在短板。我国制造业领域一些核心技术受制于人，“卡脖子”问题突出，对外依存度高，新兴技术掌控能力有待提升。如，全球工业设计仿真软件产业主要由美、德、法三国把控。许多企业仍然处于数字化起步阶段。如，芯片、传感器、工业机器人等核心技术装备与软件系统仍然依赖进口，严重制约了我国智能制造的发展。当前，有不少制造业已经走过机械化、自动化、数字化等发展阶段，已经搭建起完整的制造业体系和制造业基础设施，在产业链中具有重要地位。这让他们具备了实现智能制造、推动产业链变革的可能性和基础实力。就目前来看，国内现阶段智能制造的发展主要涉及以下几个方向：

工业体系的转型：在“互联网+”背景下的制造业正在急速变化，智能制造表现为:产品更新换代加快、设计周期减小，生产效率高。在这种趋势的推动下，中国传统的工业体系会向智能的工业体系转型。

制造业服务化：在信息时代，企业和用户是通过产品和服务建立关系的。服务融合在制造业的各个环节，有利于提升价值链。

智能制造装备：企业需求具有感知、分析、控制等多功能的智能装备，包括高档数控机床、智能控制系统、智能仪器设备、智能工业机器人等。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

当前，国内急需促进传统制造业结构调整和优化升级，从而提升中国经济在全球竞争中的地位。在信息时代中国应把握住这次发展时机，在“互联网+”和大数据的驱动下，实现“中国制造”向“中国智造”的转型。

智能制造推动企业转型升级，先进制造技术的加速融合使得制造业的设计、生产、管理、服务各个环节日趋智能化，智能制造正在引领制造企业全流程的价值最大化。归纳来看，智能制造至少能从以下6个方面推动企业转型升级：

6个方面

（一）智能设计 

指应用智能化的设计手段及先进的设计信息化系统(CAX、网络化协同设计、设计知识库等)，支持企业产品研发设计过程各个环节的智能化提升和优化运行。例如，实践中，建模与仿真已广泛应用于产品设计，新产品进入市场的时间实现大幅压缩。

（二）智能产品 

在智能产品领域，互联网技术、人工智能、数字化技术嵌入传统产品设计，使产品逐步成为互联网化的智能终端，比如将传感器、存储器、传输器、处理器等设备装入到产品当中，使生产出的产品具有动态存储、通讯与分析能力，从而使产品具有可追溯、可追踪、可定位的特性，同时还能广泛采集消费者个体对创新产品设计的个性化需求，令智能产品更加具有市场活力。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

（三）智能装备

智能制造模式下的工业生产装备需要与信息技术和人工智能等技术进行集成与融合，从而使传统生产装备具有感知、学习、分析与执行能力。生产企业在装备智能化转型过程中可以从单机智能化或者单机装备互联形成智能生产线或者智能车间两方面着手。但是值得注意的是，单纯地将生产装备智能化还不能算真正意义上的装备智能化，只有将市场和消费者需求融入到装备升级改造中，才算得上是真正实现全产业链装备智能化。

（四）智能生产，个性化定制

在传统工业时代，产品的价值与价格完全由生产厂商主导，厂家生产什么消费者就只能购买什么，生产的主动权完全由厂家掌控。而在智能制造时代，产品的生产方式不再是生产驱动，而是用户驱动，即生产智能化可以完全满足消费者的个性化定制需求，产品价值与定价不再是企业一家独大，而是由消费者需求决定。

（五）智能管理

随着大数据、云计算等互联网技术、移动通讯技术以及智能设备的成熟，管理智能化也成为可能。在整个智能制造系统中，企业管理者使用物联网、互联网等实现智能生产的横向集成，再利用移动通讯技术与智能设备实现整个智能生产价值链的数字化集成，从而形成完整的智能管理系统。此外，生产企业使用大数据或者云计算等技术可以提高企业搜集数据的准确性与及时性，使智能管理更加高效与科学。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

（六）智能服务

智能服务作为智能制造系统的末端组成部分，起到连接消费者与生产企业之间的作用，服务智能化最终体现在线上与线下的融合O2O服务，即一方面生产企业通过智能化生产不断拓展其业务范围与市场影响力，另一方面生产企业通过互联网技术、移动通讯技术将消费者连接到企业生产当中，通过消费者的不断反馈与意见提升产品服务质量、提高客户体验度。
智能服务强调知识性、系统性和集成性，强调以人为本的精神，为客户提供主动、在线、全球化服务，它采用智能技术提高服务状态/环境感知、服务规划/决策/控制水平，提升服务质量，扩展服务内容，促进现代制造服务业这一新业态的不断发展和壮大。

智能制造已成为我国建设制造强国的主攻方向，加快发展智能制造解决方案是推动中国制造迈向高质量发展、形成国际竞争新优势的必由之路。中国制造企业必须通过数字化转型提升产品创新与管理能力，提质增效，从而赢得竞争优势，实现“制造”向“智造”的转变。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

翻译：

Brief introduction to the current situation and future development trend of domestic intelligent manufacturing

In the 21st century, the rapid development of technologies such as the Internet, new energy and big data has brought about great changes in society and changes in human production and industry. In order to cope with global challenges, China has put forward the national strategic plan “Made in China 2025” based on the actual situation of development. There is no doubt that intelligent manufacturing will become the future development trend of the world’s manufacturing industry.

So, what is the current development status and future development trend of domestic intelligent manufacturing?

In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, the story of the transformation from “Made in China” to “made in China” is being staged. With the arrival of the 5G era, many Chinese technology companies are also rising rapidly, further promoting the development process of “China’s intelligent manufacturing”

As early as 1993, China conducted research on “key technologies of intelligent manufacturing systems”. In recent years, the government and enterprises have paid more attention to the development of intelligent manufacturing. First, the state has continuously promulgated some policies on the development of intelligent manufacturing, such as the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” for the development of intelligent manufacturing equipment Industry and the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” for the development of intelligent manufacturing technology. China’s “Made in China 2025” as the overall program, local policies have been introduced to support smart manufacturing. Second, the state is carrying out intelligent manufacturing pilot demonstration, in accordance with the “2015 intelligent manufacturing pilot demonstration special action implementation Plan” and “on the implementation of 2015 intelligent manufacturing pilot demonstration project recommendation”, has identified 46 pilot demonstration projects covering 38 industries, involving intelligent equipment, intelligent services, intelligent management and other six categories.

At present, China has the basis and conditions for the development of intelligent manufacturing:

China has achieved a large number of relevant basic research results, and mastered some intelligent manufacturing technologies that have long restricted the development of China’s industry, such as robotics, perception technology, complex manufacturing systems, intelligent information processing technology, etc. An industrial system of intelligent manufacturing equipment, represented by new sensors, intelligent control systems, industrial robots, and automated complete production lines, has taken shape. China’s manufacturing digitization has a certain basis. At present, the penetration rate of digital tools applied by industrial enterprises above designated size in R & D design has reached 54%, and the proportion of CNC equipment on the production line has reached 30%. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

1. Opportunities

First, intelligent manufacturing technology is at a world-class level. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating, big data, artificial intelligence, the Internet of things and other new generation of information technology is deeply integrated with the manufacturing industry, constantly changing the production mode, organization and development mode of the manufacturing industry, digital, networking, intelligent has become an important direction of the development of the global manufacturing industry. In the fourth Industrial Revolution, which is the process of accelerating the digital transformation of the world economy, China has made major breakthroughs in many fields, and new technologies, new products, new forms of business and new models are constantly emerging. 5G, big data and other technologies that support the development of intelligent manufacturing are in the first echelon in the world, laying a good foundation for the global competition of intelligent manufacturing in the future.

Second, China has a whole industrial chain that is unique in the world to develop high-end manufacturing. China has the world’s most complete and largest industrial system, strong production capacity, and perfect supporting capacity. At present, China has 41 industrial categories, 207 industrial categories, 666 industrial subcategories, forming an independent and complete modern industrial system, is the only country in the world with all industrial categories in the United Nations industrial classification. With the in-depth advancement of intelligent manufacturing, the development of industrial Internet has entered the fast lane, and a large number of digital workshops and smart factories have been built. As of June 2020, the CNC rate of key processes of enterprises in key areas of manufacturing and the penetration rate of digital R & D design tools have reached 51.1% and 71.5%, respectively. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Third, a solid foundation has been laid in intelligent manufacturing “going out”. China’s manufacturing industry has always been adhering to the concept of open development, is an important field of opening up and win-win cooperation. At present, China has become the largest country in the global trade of goods. The general manufacturing industry has been liberalized in an orderly manner, and production capacity cooperation agreements have been signed with more than 30 countries along the Belt and Road. High-speed rail, nuclear power, satellite and other systems have gone abroad, and the status and influence of Chinese manufacturing in the global industrial chain and supply chain have continued to rise.

2. Challenges

First, economic globalization still faces huge uncertainties. The current world economic situation is complex and grave, and economic recovery is unstable and unbalanced. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is extensive and far-reaching, and various derivative risks cannot be ignored. Unilateralism, protectionism and hegemonism are serious in some countries.

Second, the international competition for the development of intelligent manufacturing will be more intense. In recent years, developed countries such as the United States and Germany have accelerated the implementation of advanced manufacturing plans with information technology as the core driving force. Such as Germany’s Industry 4.0. And relying on the advantages of manufacturing and other fields, build a digital-driven industrial production and manufacturing system, create new advantages in industrial competition, and seize a new round of international competition commanding heights. Our country faces more fierce competition. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Third, China still has shortcomings in some basic technologies and key core technologies of intelligent manufacturing. Some core technologies in China’s manufacturing industry are subject to others, the problem of “stuck neck” is prominent, the degree of external dependence is high, and the control ability of emerging technologies needs to be improved. For example, the global industrial design simulation software industry is mainly controlled by the United States, Germany and France. Many businesses are still in their digital infancy. For example, core technical equipment and software systems such as chips, sensors, and industrial robots still rely on imports, which seriously restricts the development of intelligent manufacturing in China. At present, many manufacturing industries have gone through the development stages of mechanization, automation, and digitalization, and have built a complete manufacturing system and manufacturing infrastructure, playing an important role in the industrial chain. This gives them the possibility and basic strength to realize intelligent manufacturing and promote the transformation of the industrial chain. At present, the development of intelligent manufacturing in China at this stage mainly involves the following directions:

The transformation of the industrial system: the manufacturing industry under the background of “Internet +” is changing rapidly, and intelligent manufacturing is manifested as: product upgrading is accelerated, the design cycle is reduced, and the production efficiency is high. Driven by this trend, China’s traditional industrial system will be transformed into an intelligent industrial system. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Manufacturing services: In the information age, enterprises and users establish relationships through products and services. The integration of services in all aspects of manufacturing is conducive to moving up the value chain.

Intelligent manufacturing equipment: enterprises need intelligent equipment with perception, analysis, control and other multi-functions, including high-end CNC machine tools, intelligent control systems, intelligent instruments and equipment, intelligent industrial robots.

At present, there is an urgent need to promote the structural adjustment and optimization and upgrading of the traditional manufacturing industry, so as to enhance the position of China’s economy in global competition. In the information age, China should seize this development opportunity and realize the transformation from “Made in China” to “Made in China” under the drive of “Internet +” and big data.

Intelligent manufacturing promotes the transformation and upgrading of enterprises, and the accelerated integration of advanced manufacturing technology makes the design, production, management and service of the manufacturing industry increasingly intelligent, and intelligent manufacturing is leading the value maximization of the whole process of manufacturing enterprises. In summary, intelligent manufacturing can promote the transformation and upgrading of enterprises from at least the following six aspects: CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

6 aspects

(1) Intelligent design

It refers to the application of intelligent design means and advanced design information systems (CAX, networked collaborative design, design knowledge base, etc.) to support the intelligent improvement and optimization of every link in the process of product development and design of enterprises. For example, in practice, modeling and simulation have been widely used in product design, and the time to market for new products has been greatly reduced.

(2) Smart products

In the field of intelligent products, Internet technology, artificial intelligence, digital technology is embedded in traditional product design, making the product gradually become an Internet-based intelligent terminal, such as sensors, memory, transmitters, processors and other equipment into the product, so that the product has dynamic storage, communication and analysis capabilities. Thus, the products have the characteristics of traceability, traceability and positioning, and at the same time, the individual needs of individual consumers for innovative product design can be widely collected, so that smart products have more market vitality. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

(3) Intelligent equipment

Industrial production equipment under the intelligent manufacturing mode needs to be integrated and integrated with information technology and artificial intelligence and other technologies, so that traditional production equipment has the ability of perception, learning, analysis and execution. In the process of intelligent equipment transformation, production enterprises can start from the two aspects of single machine intelligence or single machine equipment interconnection to form intelligent production lines or intelligent workshops. However, it is worth noting that simply intelligent production equipment can not be counted as equipment intelligence in the real sense, only the market and consumer demand into the equipment upgrade and transformation, can be regarded as the real realization of the whole industry chain equipment intelligence.

(4) Intelligent production, personalized customization

In the traditional industrial era, the value and price of products are completely dominated by manufacturers, and consumers can only buy what manufacturers produce, and the initiative of production is completely controlled by manufacturers. In the era of intelligent manufacturing, the production mode of products is no longer production-driven, but user-driven, that is, intelligent production can fully meet the personalized customization needs of consumers, product value and pricing is no longer a dominant enterprise, but determined by consumer demand. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

(5) Intelligent management

With the maturity of Internet technologies such as big data and cloud computing, mobile communication technologies and smart devices, intelligent management has also become possible. In the entire intelligent manufacturing system, enterprise managers use the Internet of Things and the Internet to achieve horizontal integration of intelligent production, and use mobile communication technology and intelligent devices to achieve digital integration of the entire intelligent production value chain, thus forming a complete intelligent management system. In addition, the use of technologies such as big data or cloud computing by production enterprises can improve the accuracy and timeliness of data collected by enterprises, and make intelligent management more efficient and scientific.

(6) Intelligent service

As the end component of intelligent manufacturing system, intelligent service plays a role in connecting consumers and production enterprises. Service intelligence ultimately reflects the integration of online and offline O2O services, that is, on the one hand, production enterprises continue to expand their business scope and market influence through intelligent production. On the other hand, production enterprises connect consumers to production through Internet technology and mobile communication technology, and improve product service quality and customer experience through continuous feedback and opinions of consumers. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

Intelligent service emphasizes knowledge, system and integration, emphasizes the people-oriented spirit, to provide customers with active, online, global services, it uses intelligent technology to improve service status/environment perception, service planning/decision-making/control level, improve service quality, expand service content, and promote the continuous development and growth of the new business of modern manufacturing service industry.

Intelligent manufacturing has become the main direction of China’s construction of manufacturing power, accelerating the development of intelligent manufacturing solutions is the only way to promote China’s manufacturing to high-quality development and form a new advantage in international competition. Chinese manufacturing enterprises must enhance product innovation and management capabilities through digital transformation, improve quality and efficiency, so as to win competitive advantages and realize the transformation from “manufacturing” to “intelligent manufacturing”.

本文由CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）转载而成，来源于浙里数转；编辑/翻译：CXO UNIONCXO联盟小U。

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