【观点】清华大学互联网治理研究中心主任、50人论坛委员李晓东：加快数据从资源向资产转变

近日，清华大学互联网治理研究中心主任、50人论坛委员李晓东教授在《经济日报》发表题为《加快数据从资源向资产转变》的文章，并指出发挥数据生产要素作用离不开数据资产化，数据资产化的关键前提是完成数据确权。全文内容如下：

数据作为一种具有独特属性的生产要素，有非竞争性、无限供给、易复制、边际成本极低等特点，并贯穿于数字化的生产、管理和经营等各个环节。发挥数据生产要素作用离不开数据资产化，数据资产化的关键前提是完成数据确权。

发挥数据生产要素作用需经历资源化、资产化和资本化三个环节。其中，资产化是资源化的结果，也是资本化的起点，要求在生产过程中承认数据的价值创造贡献，并提供价值的变现渠道。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

一般来说，可以被探明、标识、利用并用来创造价值的，才被视作资源。当某种资源被探明并标识后，人们可以评估该资源是否丰裕，是否值得开采利用。了解不同数据的利用方式，并对数据进行探明和标识的过程，就是数据资源化。数据资源化会形成某种稀缺性，从而引出资源的优化配置需求。不同数据集由于质量、规模等差异，所蕴含的信息量和在不同部门之间的动态分布各有不同，从而构成数据要素流动的原动力。

资产化是对预期收益的归属进行确权的过程。数据资产化意味着数据可以在未来产生持续收益，并且这些收益可以基于一定的产权进行分配。此外，数据的资源化、资产化、资本化等过程，本身也是数据的创造过程。预计这一系列过程将逐渐以数据要素流动转化的形式出现，与传统情境中货币资本运动形式有所不同，数据要素在社会生产过程中的权重将显著增加。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

资产化的关键前提是明晰产权结构，通过构建符合各类生产要素特性的产权制度，实现未来归属、使用、收益等重要权益的确权。确权完成后才能进行基于收益的分配以及基于价值的交易，从而不断激励各类要素高质量供给。确权所包含的不仅仅是所有权的确认，也包含持有权、加工使用权、经营权等多种权属。特别是对数据而言，其创造过程与传统要素不同，具有多方创造、流转速度快等特点，因此确权不应仅涵盖单一所有权，更需纳入多方所有权或共有产权等多种所有权形式。

“数据二十条”出台后，进一步推动了公共数据、企业数据、个人数据合规高效流通使用。2023年2月，中共中央、国务院印发的《数字中国建设整体布局规划》明确，数字中国建设按照“2522”的整体框架进行布局。其中，特别提出夯实数据资源体系。同年8月，财政部制定印发《企业数据资源相关会计处理暂行规定》，数据资源“入表”更进一步。与此同时，北京、上海、浙江等地也在大力推动数据资产化相关法律法规出台。一系列制度创新推动了数据资产化提质增效。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

《数字中国发展报告（2022年）》显示，2022年我国数据产量达8.1ZB，全球占比达10.5％，位居世界第二，可供开发的数据资源丰富。市场的快速发展为数据资产化奠定了实践基础。近年来，湖北、天津、浙江、四川、贵州等地积极开展数据要素典型应用场景试点，企事业单位数据应用创新积极性高涨，应用场景日益丰富。

当前，我国在用数据中心算力总规模位居世界第二，移动网络覆盖率100％，已建成全球规模最大、技术领先的网络基础设施，为建设数据基础设施支撑数据资产化、充分释放数据要素价值奠定了良好基础。随着经济社会快速发展，高质量数据以及数据互联互通和互操作的需求进一步提升，以解决标识确权、认证授权和安全交换等关键问题为核心的数据基础设施需求也将快速增加。 CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

翻译：

Li Xiaodong, director of the Internet Governance Research Center of Tsinghua University and member of the 50-member Forum: Accelerate the transformation of data from resources to assets

Recently, Professor Li Xiaodong, director of the Internet Governance Research Center of Tsinghua University and member of the 50-member forum, published an article entitled “Accelerating the transformation of data from resources to assets” in the Economic Daily, and pointed out that the role of data production factors cannot be achieved without data assets, and the key premise of data assets is to complete data ownership. The full text is as follows: CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

As a production factor with unique attributes, data has the characteristics of non-competition, unlimited supply, easy replication, low marginal cost, and runs through all aspects of digital production, management and operation. To play the role of data production factors is inseparable from data assets, and the key premise of data assets is to complete data ownership.

To play the role of data production factors, it is necessary to go through three links: resource conversion, asset conversion and capitalization. Among them, capitalization is the result of resource utilization and the starting point of capitalization, which requires that the value creation contribution of data be recognized in the production process and the realization channel of value be provided.

In general, resources are those that can be identified, identified, utilized, and used to create value. Once a resource has been identified and identified, one can assess whether it is abundant and worth exploiting. The process of understanding the use of different data, and identifying and identifying the data is data resourcing. Data resource will form a certain scarcity, which leads to the need for optimal allocation of resources. Because of the difference in quality and scale, the information contained in different data sets and the dynamic distribution among different departments are different, thus constituting the driving force of data element flow.

Capitalization is the process of confirming the ownership of expected income. Data capitalization means that the data can generate ongoing benefits in the future, and those benefits can be distributed based on certain property rights. In addition, the process of data resource, capital, capitalization, etc., is also the process of data creation. It is expected that this series of processes will gradually appear in the form of flow transformation of data elements, which is different from the form of money capital movement in the traditional context, and the weight of data elements in the social production process will be significantly increased. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

The key premise of assets is to clarify the structure of property rights, and to realize the confirmation of important rights and interests such as future ownership, use and income by building a property rights system that conforms to the characteristics of various production factors. Only after the right is confirmed can the distribution based on income and the transaction based on value be carried out, so as to continuously stimulate the high-quality supply of various elements. The confirmation of right includes not only the confirmation of ownership, but also the holding right, the processing right, the management right and so on. Especially for data, its creation process is different from traditional elements, and it has the characteristics of multi-party creation and fast circulation, so the right confirmation should not only cover single ownership, but also include multiple ownership forms such as multi-party ownership or common property rights. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

After the introduction of “Data 20”, it further promoted the compliance and efficient circulation and use of public data, enterprise data and personal data. In February 2023, the “Overall Layout Plan for Digital China Construction” issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and The State Council made it clear that digital China construction would be laid out in accordance with the overall framework of “2522”. Among them, the compacted data resource system is especially proposed. In August of the same year, the Ministry of Finance formulated and issued the Interim Provisions on Accounting Treatment Related to Enterprise Data Resources, and the data resources were further entered into the table. At the same time, Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang and other places are also vigorously promoting the introduction of relevant laws and regulations on data assets. A series of institutional innovations have promoted the quality and efficiency of data assets.

According to the “Digital China Development Report (2022)”, China’s data output in 2022 will reach 8.1ZB, accounting for 10.5% of the global share, ranking second in the world, and there are rich data resources available for development. The rapid development of the market has laid a practical foundation for data capitalization. In recent years, Hubei, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places have actively carried out pilot projects for typical application scenarios of data elements, and enterprises and public institutions have high enthusiasm for data application innovation, and application scenarios are increasingly rich. CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）

At present, the total scale of data center computing power in use in China ranks second in the world, the mobile network coverage rate is 100%, and the world’s largest and leading technology network infrastructure has been built, laying a good foundation for the construction of data infrastructure to support data assets and fully release the value of data elements. With the rapid economic and social development, the demand for high-quality data and data connectivity and interoperability has been further increased, and the demand for data infrastructure centered on solving key issues such as identity verification, authentication and authorization, and secure exchange will also increase rapidly.

由CXO UNION-CXO联盟（cxounion.cn）转载而成，来源于经济日报；编辑/翻译：CXO UNIONCXO联盟小U。

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